<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">mal</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
    </tagsDecl>
</encodingDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_mal" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d2255e66" type="lemma"><orth>mal</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d2255e69"><sense xml:id="sense_d2255e70"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>глубокая стоячая вода</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>deep standing water</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d2255e79"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>глубокое место в озере, болоте, реке</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>deep place in lake, swamp, river</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d2255e88"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>омут</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>slough (in water)</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d2255e97"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>водная пучина</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>gulf, abyss</q>
            </abv:tr></sense></sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:id="exampleGrp_d2255e107">
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e109">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æncad <oRef>maly</oRef> xæjræg bady</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в тихом омуте сидит черт</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">in a quiet slough sits a devil</q>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="comment" xml:lang="en">(= <s>still
                  waters run deep</s>)</note>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Ӕмб."/>
              <biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e139">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæ fydy kaærdīxtæ tūǵy <oRef>maly</oRef>
              lenḱytæ kodtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">куски его мяса плавали в море крови</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">pieces of
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20220612T145038+0300" comment="its?"?>his<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                meat swam in a sea of blood</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>18</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e168">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ænævǧaw wæd fydgūlty caǧtam; sæ tūg læsæntæj
              kodta <oRef>mal</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мы тогда нещадно истребляли врагов, потоки их
                крови образовали <oRef>mal</oRef></q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">then we exterminated enemies without mercy,
                streams of their blood formed a <oRef>mal</oRef></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Хар._Уац."/>
              <biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e194">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xæʒar tūgæj <oRef>mal</oRef> yssī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в сакле было море крови</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">in the house was a sea of blood</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>20</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e219">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">donæn jæ
                <oRef><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20220612T145247+0300" comment="NB: comparative degree of noun"?>maldærmæ<?oxy_comment_end ?></oRef>
              k˳y baxawdain…</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если бы я попал в самое глубокое место
                реки…</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">if I had found myself in the deepest place of
                the river…</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 298</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e248">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">īw kæf x˳yskʼmæ ratyldī æmæ mardī ūcy ran;
              læppū jæm bacyd æmæ jæ <oRef>malmæ</oRef> batyldta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">одна рыба выкатилась на сушу и там подыхала;
                юноша подошел к ней и столкнул ее в водную глубь</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">one fish rolled out onto dry land and was dying
                there; the boy came to it and pushed it into the deep of the water</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
              <biblScope>II 112</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e273">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æz kæsag festʒynæn, Terḱy <oRef>maly</oRef>
              qazʒynæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">я обращусь в рыбу, буду играть в глубине
                Терека</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I will turn into a fish, I will play in the
                depth of the (river) Terek</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАЗ"/>
              <biblScope>87</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e298">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">gollag <oRef>malmæ</oRef> nyttyldī… læg
              ralasta jæ daræs æmæ <oRef>maly</oRef> syǧzærīnty gollag aguryn bajdydta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мешок скатился в глубокую воду… человек
                разделся и стал искать мешок с золотом в водной глубине</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the sack rolled down into deep water… the man
                removed his clothes and started looking for the sack with gold in the deep of the
                water</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 263</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e325">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">don nyccawæztoj æmæ <oRef>‘smal
              īs</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">реку запрудили, и она образовала
                  <oRef>mal</oRef></q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they dammed the river, and it formed a
                  <oRef>mal</oRef></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1966 V 69</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2255e351">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæ <oRef>malgændtæ</oRef> ænæbyn æmæ
              tar</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ее (реки) омуты бездонны и темны</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">its (the river’s) gulfs are depthless and
                dark</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1961 IX 37</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Восходит к <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d2255e379"><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e633" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e380" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">mōri</w></mentioned> или <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e639" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e386" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">mōryo-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned> с закономерным <c>l</c> ← <c>r</c> перед
          <c>i</c>. В других арийских языках слово с уверенностью не распознано. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e652" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e399" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang>Др.инд.</lang>
            <w>maryādā-</w></mentioned>, которое иногда привлекают в данной связи (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Uhlenbeck"/>
            <biblScope>218</biblScope></bibl>), как показал <bibl><author>Renou</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSL"/><biblScope>1936 XXXVII 141 сл.</biblScope>)</bibl>,
          означало только <gloss><q>граница</q></gloss>, но не <gloss><q>морской берег</q></gloss>.
          Скифский и в некоторых других случаях обнаруживает особую близость к европейским языкам; в
          нем распознается <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e676" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e423" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">gasti-</w>
            <gloss><q>гость</q></gloss></mentioned>, которого нет в других иранских языках,
            <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e683" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e430" xml:lang="ine"><w>manu-</w>
            <gloss><q>человек</q></gloss></mentioned>, от которого в других иранских языках
          сохранились только следы, и др. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>166</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>5—7</biblScope></bibl>). Весьма показательно в этом отношении также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læsæg"><w>læsæg</w>
            <gloss><q>лосось</q></gloss></ref>. Поэтому <oRef/> следует рассматривать как
          скифоевропейскую изоглоссу. Ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e708" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e455" xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>more</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e713" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e460" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>море</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e719" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e466" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>mārės</w>
            <gloss><q>залив</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e730" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e477" xml:lang="prg"><lang/>
            <w>mary</w>
            <gloss><q>залив</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d2255e485"><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e739" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e486" xml:lang="got"><lang/>
              <w>marei</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e744" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e491" xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
              <w>marī</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e749" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e496" xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Meer</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e757" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e504" xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>mere</w>
            <gloss><q>море</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>озеро</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>пруд</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e771" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e518" xml:lang="ang"><w>merisc</w>
            <gloss><q>болото</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>омут</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e780" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e527" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>mare</w>
            <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned>. Сопоставление с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e789" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e536" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>mala-</w>
            <gloss><q>грязь</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl>Вс. <author>Миллер</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
            <biblScope>35</biblScope></bibl>) не удовлетворяет ни с фонетической (неясно <c>l</c>),
          ни со смысловой стороны. Из скифского идет, возможно, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d2255e555"><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e809" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e556" xml:lang="kca"><lang>ханты (ост.)</lang>
              <w>mal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e814" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e561" xml:lang="mns"><lang>манси (вогул.)</lang>
              <w>mil</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e819" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e566" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
              <w>mély</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>глубокий</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>глубь</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Sköld._Oss."/>
                <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — Считают, что первоначальное
          значение <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e838" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e585" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w>mōri-</w></mentioned> было не <gloss><q>море</q></gloss>, а <gloss><q>стоячая
              вода</q></gloss> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Feist"/>
            <biblScope>346</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Исаченко</author>, <title>Studia
              linguistica in honorem acad. St. Mladenov</title>, <pubPlace>София</pubPlace>,
              <date>1957</date>, <biblScope>стр. 313 сл.</biblScope></bibl>). Если так, то в
          осетинском удержалось как раз это древнейшее значение. Cp.:
            <bibl><author>Nehring</author>. <title>Idg. <w>mari</w></title>. <title type="b">Festschrift F. R. Schröder</title>, <pubPlace>Heidelberg</pubPlace>,
              <date>1959</date>, <biblScope>стр. 122–138</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Goes back to <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d2255e632"><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e380" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e633" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">mōri</w></mentioned> or <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e386" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e639" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">mōryo-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned> with regular <c>l</c> ← <c>r</c> before <c>i</c>.
          This word is not reliably attested in other Indo-Iranian languages. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e399" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e652" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>maryādā-</w></mentioned>, which is sometimes cited in this context (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Uhlenbeck"/>
            <biblScope>218</biblScope></bibl>), only meant <gloss><q>border</q></gloss>, but not
              <gloss><q>sea shore</q></gloss>, as shown by <bibl><author>Renou</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSL"/><biblScope>1936 XXXVII 141 ff.</biblScope>)</bibl>.
          Here, as in certain other cases, Scythian shows a special affinity to European languages;
          for instance, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e423" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e676" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">gasti-</w>
            <gloss><q>guest</q></gloss></mentioned> is attested in Scythian but not in other Iranian
          languages; similarly, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e430" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e683" xml:lang="ine"><w>manu-</w>
            <gloss><q>man</q></gloss></mentioned>, of which only traces remain in other Iranian
          languages, etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>166</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>5—7</biblScope></bibl>). In this respect, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læsæg"><w>læsæg</w>
            <gloss><q>salmon</q></gloss></ref> is also quite illustrative. Therefore, <oRef/> should
          be viewed as a Scythian-European isogloss. Cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e455" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e708" xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>more</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e460" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e713" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>more</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e466" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e719" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>mārės</w>
            <gloss><q>gulf</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e477" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e730" xml:lang="prg"><lang/>
            <w>mary</w>
            <gloss><q>gulf</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d2255e738"><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e486" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e739" xml:lang="got"><lang/>
              <w>marei</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e491" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e744" xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
              <w>marī</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e496" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e749" xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Meer</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e504" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e757" xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>mere</w>
            <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>lake</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>pond</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e518" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e771" xml:lang="ang"><w>merisc</w>
            <gloss><q>swamp</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>slough</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e527" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e780" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>mare</w>
            <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned>. The comparison with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e536" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e789" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>mala-</w>
            <gloss><q>dirt</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl>Ws. <author>Miller</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
            <biblScope>35</biblScope></bibl>) is unacceptable both phonetically (<c>l</c> is
          unclear) and semantically. From Scythian possibly come <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d2255e808"><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e556" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e809" xml:lang="kca"><lang/> (Ostyak) <w>mal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e561" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e814" xml:lang="mns"><lang/> (Vogul) <w>mil</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e566" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e819" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
              <w>mély</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>deep</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>depth</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Sköld._Oss."/>
                <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — It is believed that the
          original meaning of <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2255e585" xml:id="mentioned_d2255e838" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w>mōri-</w></mentioned> was not <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss>, but <gloss><q>standing
              water</q></gloss> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Feist"/>
            <biblScope>346</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Isačenko</author>, <title>Studia
              linguistica in honorem acad. St. Mladenov</title>, <pubPlace>Sofia</pubPlace>,
              <date>1957</date>, <biblScope>pp. 313 ff.</biblScope></bibl>). If so, it is this
          oldest meaning that is preserved in Ossetic. Cf.: <bibl><author>Nehring</author>.
              <title>Idg. <w>mari</w></title>. <title type="b">Festschrift F. R. Schröder</title>,
              <pubPlace>Heidelberg</pubPlace>, <date>1959</date>, <biblScope>pp.
            122–138</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>