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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fūrd</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
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    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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            <entry xml:id="entry_fūrd" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d719e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>fūrd</orth></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d719e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ford</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d719e72"><sense xml:id="sense_d719e73"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>большая река</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>big river</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d719e82"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>море</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>sea</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense></sense>
                <re xml:id="re_d719e92">
                    <form xml:id="form_d719e94" type="lemma"><orth>taǧd don fūrdy ne ʽjjafy</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d719e97"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>быстрая река не достигает моря</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>a fast river does not reach the sea</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense>
                    <note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">; ср. <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d719e109" xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
                            <w>ǧwerdaj jad hülüz aghaqič</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">
                                        (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Услар"/><biblScope>VI
                                        397</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
                            <gloss><q>быстрая река до моря не доходит</q></gloss></mentioned>. В
                        связи с тем, что в значении ‘море’ в осетинском утвердилось тюркское <ref type="xr" target="#entry_denǵyz"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">dengiz</hi>, слово <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fūrd</hi> стало
                        мало употребительным и преимущественно в значении ‘большая река’. Однако
                        значение ‘море’ для староосетинского бесспорно, как видно, между прочим, из
                            <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d719e125" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                            <w>hord</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d719e130" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                            <w>ford</w>
                            <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned> и из приведенной поговорки. Часто
                        встречается слово в нартовских сказаниях</note>
                    <note type="comment" xml:lang="en">; cf. <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d719e141" xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
                            <w>ǧwerdaj jad hülüz aghaqič</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Услар"/><biblScope>VI 397</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
                            <gloss><q>a fast river does not reach the sea</q></gloss></mentioned>.
                        Due to the fact that in Ossetic in the meaning of ‘sea’ is used a Turkic
                        word <ref type="xr" target="#entry_denǵyz"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">dengiz</hi>, the word <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fūrd</hi>
                        became little used and mostly in the meaning ‘big river’. However, the
                        meaning ‘sea’ is unquestionable for Old Ossetic, as in seen, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">inter alia</hi>,
                        from <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d719e157" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                            <w>hord</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d719e162" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                            <w>ford</w>
                            <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned> and from the above mentioned
                        saying. This word was often used in the Nart tales</note>
                </re>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d719e172">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d719e174">
                        <quote>fæcæwync īw bon Saw fūrdy byltyl, fūrdmæ kæsync, æmæ fūrddag galtæ
                            kaly xærdmæ, fūrddag bæxtæ, fūrddag kʼambectæ æmæ sæ jæ galīw kūxæj axsy
                            læppū</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>идут они однажды по берегу Черного моря, смотрят на море и (видят):
                                юноша кидает вверх морских быков, морских коней, морских буйволов и
                                ловит их левой рукой</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Once upon a time they walked along the Black Sea coast, they looked
                                at the sea and saw: a young man was throwing up sea bulls, sea
                                horses, sea buffaloes and he was catching them with his left
                                hand</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>II
                            12</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d719e193">
                        <quote>fūrd swadonmæ æfstawgūr ærcydī</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>море (большая река?) пришло к роднику просить взаймы</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the sea (a big river?) came to the spring to ask for a loan</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
                            204</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d719e212" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>gurgurgængæ dalæ fordmæ niffædes æncæ Kʼamatæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>c шумом кинулись на тревогу к реке Камаевы</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>The Kamaevs noisily rushed alarmed to the river</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/><biblScope>41</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d719e234" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>fal æxsævi ǧos ixalgæ, ford ne ʽncajuj, ǧær kænuj, æ fur mæstæj æ
                            cæqaltæ e bildorbæl niccævuj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>но ночью, ломая тишину, река не знает покоя, шумит, в яром гневе свои
                                волны ударяет о прибрежный камень</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>but at night, breaking the silence, the river knows no rest, makes a
                                noise, in fierce anger hits its waves against the coastal stone</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/><biblScope>54</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Соблазнительное на первый взгляд сближение с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e351" xml:id="mentioned_d719e260" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                        <w>pərətu-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e356" xml:id="mentioned_d719e265" xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                        <w>purd</w>
                        <gloss><q>мост</q></gloss></mentioned> и др. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._EVP"/><biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>)
                    следует отвергнуть, так как <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e368" xml:id="mentioned_d719e277" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
                        <w>*pṛtu-</w></mentioned> должно было дать в осетинском <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*fard</hi>, а не
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fūrd</hi> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ford</hi>. Может быть, связано со <hi rendition="#rend_bold">скифским</hi> названием реки
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">Прут</hi>, которое звучало, по Геродоту, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e373" xml:id="mentioned_d719e282" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>Πορατα</w></mentioned>. Аланское население на берегах Прута существовало
                    очень долго, и самая река называется у некоторых древних авторов %sAlanus
                    Fluvius%s „Аланской рекой“. Памятником аланского населения в этом районе
                    является и название города Яссы. Можно считаться с двумя возможностями: либо
                    собственное имя „Прут“ стало употребляться как нарицательное „большая река“, —
                    нам приходилось отмечать аналогичное употребление в ос. иронском <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Terk</hi> (река
                    Терек), а в дигорском <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Iræf</hi> (река Урух) в значении ‘большая река’ вообще, —
                    либо <hi rendition="#rend_italic">porata</hi> уже в скифском означало нарицательно ‘река’, но закрепилось за
                    Прутом (как <hi rendition="#rend_italic">danu-</hi> — за Доном). До-скифская история слова остается неясной.
                    Совмещение значений ‘большая река’ и ‘море’ обычно. <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Араб.</hi> <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e379" xml:id="mentioned_d719e288" xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
                        <w>bahr</w></mentioned>, как и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e384" xml:id="mentioned_d719e293" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>darīa</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">не только</note>
                        <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e394" xml:id="mentioned_d719e303" xml:lang="fa"><w/><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">но также</note>
                        <gloss><q>большая река</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><author>В. В.
                            Бартольд. Коран и море</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЗКВ"/><biblScope>I 107</biblScope></bibl>); ср. также ведийское <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e407" xml:id="mentioned_d719e316" xml:lang="inc-x-old-vaidika"><lang/>
                        <w>sindhu-</w>
                        <gloss><q>река</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e415" xml:id="mentioned_d719e324" xml:lang="inc-x-old-vaidika"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned>. Из осетинского идут <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e422" xml:id="mentioned_d719e331" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>ford</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e427" xml:id="mentioned_d719e336" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>hord</w>
                        <gloss><q>море</q></gloss></mentioned> (дигорская огласовка!).%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>47, 177,
                        199</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">A seductive at first glance connection with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e260" xml:id="mentioned_d719e351" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                        <w>pərətu-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e265" xml:id="mentioned_d719e356" xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                        <w>purd</w>
                        <gloss><q>bridge</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._EVP"/><biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>)
                    should be rejected, since <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e277" xml:id="mentioned_d719e368" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
                        <w>*pṛtu-</w></mentioned> should have resulted in <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*fard</hi>, not in <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fūrd</hi>
                    | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ford</hi> in Ossetic. It may be connected with a <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Scythian</hi> river name
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">Prut</hi>, which sounded like <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e282" xml:id="mentioned_d719e373" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>Πορατα</w></mentioned>, according to Herodotus. The Alanian population on
                    the banks of the Prut existed for a very long time, and the river itself is
                    called by some ancient authors <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Alanus Fluvius</hi> “Alan river”. The name of the
                    city of Yassy is also a monument of the Alanian population in this area. We can
                    reckon with two possibilities: either the proper name ‘Prut’ began to be used as
                    a common noun ‘big river‘, — we noted a similar use in Ossetic: Iron <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Terk</hi>
                    (Terek river), Digor <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Iræf</hi> (Urukh river) were used in the meaning ‘big river’
                    proper, — or <hi rendition="#rend_italic">porata</hi> already meant ‘river’ in Scythian, but it was reserved
                    for Prut (the same way <hi rendition="#rend_italic">danu-</hi> was reserved for Don). The pre-Scythian history
                    of the word remains unclear. The combination of the meanings ‘big river’ and
                    ‘sea’ is usual. Both <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e288" xml:id="mentioned_d719e379" xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
                        <w>bahr</w></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e293" xml:id="mentioned_d719e384" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>darīa</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">not only means</note>
                        <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e303" xml:id="mentioned_d719e394" xml:lang="fa"><w/><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">but also</note>
                        <gloss><q>big river</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><author>V. V. Bartold.
                            Koran and the sea</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЗКВ"/><biblScope>I 107</biblScope></bibl>); cf. also <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e316" xml:id="mentioned_d719e407" xml:lang="inc-x-old-vaidika"><lang/>
                        <w>sindhu-</w>
                        <gloss><q>river</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e324" xml:id="mentioned_d719e415" xml:lang="inc-x-old-vaidika"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned>. The following words come from
                    Ossetic: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e331" xml:id="mentioned_d719e422" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>ford</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d719e336" xml:id="mentioned_d719e427" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>hord</w>
                        <gloss><q>sea</q></gloss></mentioned> (Digor ablaut type!).%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>47, 177,
                        199</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <note type="internal">очень сомнительно</note>
            </entry>
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