<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kalyn</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
        <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
    </tagsDecl>
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    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_kalyn" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d5414e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>kalyn</orth><form xml:id="form_d5414e68" type="participle"><orth>kald</orth></form></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d5414e71" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>kalun</orth><form xml:id="form_d5414e73" type="participle"><orth>kald</orth></form></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d5414e76"><sense xml:id="sense_d5414e77"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>лить</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to pour</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d5414e86"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>проливать</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to spill</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d5414e95"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>сыпать</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to strew</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d5414e104"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>бросать на землю</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to throw on the ground</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d5414e113"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>валить</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to bring down</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d5414e122"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>рушить</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to tear down</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense></sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5414e132">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5414e134">
                        <quote>dæ saw tūg fækalaj<note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">
                                (проклятие)</note><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (a
                                curse)</note></quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>чтобы тебе пролить твою черную кровь</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>may you spill your black blood</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5414e154">
                        <quote>sæ gærztæ akaldtoj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>они побросали оружие</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>they dropped their weapons</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5414e169" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>wæd alli adæm, wæd alli bæstæ ærkalioncæ sæ toxæn gærztæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>тогда все народы, тогда все страны побросали бы свое оружие</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>then all nations, then all countries would drop their weapons</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/><biblScope>29</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5414e191">
                        <quote>bælas g˳yppy tyxxæj ma kal</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>не вали дерева ради шума</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>do not cut trees for noise</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
                            194</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5414e210">
                        <quote>jæxī galæn ‘vzargæ xos rakaldta</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>своему быку насыпал отборное сено</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>I poured some choice hay for my bull</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Восходит к иран. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*kar-</hi> ‘сыпать’, ‘сеять’, ‘возделывать
                    землю’ и пр., и.е. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*(s)k˳er-</hi>. Ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e409" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e232" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>kāram</w>
                        <gloss><q>я сею, засеваю, возделываю землю</q></gloss></mentioned> (inf.
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kāstan</hi>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e417" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e240" xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
                        <w>karəl</w>
                        <gloss><q>сеять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e425" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e248" xml:lang="ps"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>возделывать землю</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e431" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e254" xml:lang="ydg"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-</w>
                        <gloss><q>сеять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e439" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e262" xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
                        <w>kōr-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e445" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e268" xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
                        <w>čēr-, čir-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e450" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e273" xml:lang="yah"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e455" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e278" xml:lang="sgy"><lang/>
                        <w>kīr-</w>
                        <gloss><q>пахать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e463" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e286" xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
                        <w>čār</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e468" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e291" xml:lang="x-pamir"><lang/>
                        <w>kür-</w>
                        <gloss><q>возделывать землю</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e476" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e299" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
                        <w>ker-(← kāraya-)</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e482" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e305" xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
                        <w>kyr-</w>
                        <gloss><q>сеять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e490" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e313" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-</w>
                        <gloss><q>сеять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e498" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e321" xml:lang="ae"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>пахать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e504" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e327" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-(kirati)</w>
                        <gloss><q>сыпать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e512" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e335" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>сеять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e518" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e341" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>метать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e525" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e348" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>лить</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e531" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e354" xml:lang="txb"><lang/>
                        <w>kār</w>
                        <gloss><q>метать</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Arch._Or."/><biblScope>XVIII 129</biblScope></bibl>).
                    Значения ‘сеять’ и ‘пахать’ настолько переплетаются, что видеть здесь два
                    различных корня (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/><biblScope>449</biblScope></bibl> %rЗ%rkar- и %r1%rkar-) не
                    представляется возможным<note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT NOTE HERE </note>. В
                    осетинском ожидали бы *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kar(yn)</hi> (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*kāraya-</hi>) в соответствие медиальному
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kæl(yn)</hi> ‘литься’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*karya-</hi>), ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_maryn"/>
                    || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">mælyn</hi>. Вероятно, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">I</hi> в <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kalyn</hi> появился под влиянием <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kælyn"/>. С <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kalyn</hi> этимологически связываем: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æpparyn"/> ‘бросить’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*ham-karaya-</hi>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gælʒun"/> д. ‘бросать’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*kar-s-</hi>?), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalyn"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i-xalun</hi> ‘рушить’ (←
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*vi-kāraya-</hi>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æzgelun"/> д. ‘копать’ (←
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*uz-kairya-</hi>). См. эти слова, а также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kælyn"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III
                            145, 158</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>57, 58</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/><biblScope>43</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MO"/><biblScope>XXVI 96 сл.</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">It traces back to Iranian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*kar-</hi> ‘to strew’, ‘to sow’, ‘to
                    cultivate the land’ etc., Indo-European <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*(s)k˳er-</hi>. Cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e232" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e409" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>kāram</w>
                        <gloss><q>I sow, I cultivate the land</q></gloss></mentioned> (inf.
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kāstan</hi>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e240" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e417" xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
                        <w>karəl</w>
                        <gloss><q>сеять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e248" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e425" xml:lang="ps"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>to cultivate the land</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e254" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e431" xml:lang="ydg"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-</w>
                        <gloss><q>to sow</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e262" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e439" xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
                        <w>kōr-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e268" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e445" xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
                        <w>čēr-, čir-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e273" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e450" xml:lang="yah"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e278" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e455" xml:lang="sgy"><lang/>
                        <w>kīr-</w>
                        <gloss><q>to plough</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e286" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e463" xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
                        <w>čār</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e291" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e468" xml:lang="x-pamir"><lang/>
                        <w>kür-</w>
                        <gloss><q>to cultivate the land</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e299" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e476" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
                        <w>ker-(← kāraya-)</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e305" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e482" xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
                        <w>kyr-</w>
                        <gloss><q>to sow</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e313" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e490" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-</w>
                        <gloss><q>to sow</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e321" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e498" xml:lang="ae"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>to plough</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e327" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e504" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>kar-(kirati)</w>
                        <gloss><q>to strew</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e335" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e512" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>to sow</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e341" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e518" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>to throw</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e348" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e525" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>to pour</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5414e354" xml:id="mentioned_d5414e531" xml:lang="txb"><lang/>
                        <w>kār</w>
                        <gloss><q>to throw</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Arch._Or."/><biblScope>XVIII 129</biblScope></bibl>). The
                    meaning ‘sow’ and the meaning ‘plough’ are so intertwined, so it seems to be
                    impossible to see here two different roots (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/><biblScope>449</biblScope></bibl> %rЗ%rkar- и
                        %r1%rkar-).<note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT NOTE HERE </note> In Ossetic the
                    form *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kar(yn)</hi> (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*kāraya-</hi>) would be expected as medial form <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kæl(yn)</hi>
                    ‘to pour (intr.)’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*karya-</hi>), cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_maryn"/>||
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">mælyn</hi>. It is possible that <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi> in <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kalyn</hi> appeared under the influence
                    of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kælyn"/>. The following words are
                    etymologically related to <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kalyn</hi> : <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æpparyn"/>
                    ‘to throw’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*ham-karaya-</hi>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gælʒun"/> Digor
                    ‘to throw’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*kar-s-</hi>?), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalyn"/> |
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i-xalun</hi> ‘to tear down’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*vi-kāraya-</hi>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æzgelun"/> Digor ‘to dig’ (← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*uz-kairya-</hi>). See these
                    words and also<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kælyn"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 145,
                    158</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>57, 58</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/><biblScope>43</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MO"/><biblScope>XXVI 96
                            сл.</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">Напомним, что др.инд. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kar-</hi> в сочетании
                    с превербом <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ud-</hi> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ud-kar-</hi>) означает ’копать’, а значения ’копать’ и
                    ’пахать’ тесно связаны.</note>
                <note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">It should be recalled that Old Indic
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kar-</hi> in combination with a preverb <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ud-</hi> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ud-kar-</hi>) means ‘to dig’, and
                    the meaning ‘to dig’ is closely associated with the meaning ’to plough’.</note>
            </entry>
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