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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">twal</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_twal" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d1725e66" type="lemma"><orth>twal</orth></form>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">, обычно мн. ч. <oRef>twaltæ</oRef> название той части
          осетин, которая населяет верховья реки Ардон на северных склонах Центрального Кавказа,
            <q>туальцы</q>; отсюда был родом прославленный народный поэт Коста Хетагуров (<mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>Xetæggaty Kʼosta</phr></mentioned>)</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">, usually plural <oRef>twaltæ</oRef> the name of that
          part of the Ossetians that inhabits the upper reaches of the Ardon River on the northern
          slopes of the Central Caucasus,
            <q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T235723+0300" comment="туальцы??"?>Tuals<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>;
          famous folk poet Kosta Khetagurov was born here (<mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>Xetæggaty
              Kʼosta</phr></mentioned>)</note>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>twallag</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">туальский</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tualian</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>туалец</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>Tual person</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>Twalgom</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Туальское ущелье</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tual gorge</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>twallag pysyra</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">туальская крапива</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">tual nettle</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(пользуется репутацией особенно жгучей)</note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (has a reputation for being especially burning)</note>
        </re>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">. От <oRef>twaltæ</oRef> следует отличать <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Ūrstwaltæ"><w>Urs-twaltæ</w>
            <gloss><q>белых туальцев</q></gloss></ref>: последние населяют южные склоны Центрального
          Кавказа в верховьях реки Лиахвы</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">. One should distinguish <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Ūrstwaltæ"><w>Urs-twaltæ</w>
            <gloss><q>white Tual people</q></gloss></ref> from <oRef>twaltæ</oRef>: the latter
          inhabit the southern slopes of the Central Caucasus in the upper reaches of the Liakhva
          River</note>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Из <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>dvali</w></mentioned> с оглушением начального <c>d-</c>, как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tyrysa"><w>tyrysa</w>
            <gloss><q>знамя</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">из <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>droša</w></mentioned></note></ref>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tarvaz"><w>tarvaz</w>
            <gloss><q>косяк</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">из <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>darbaz</w></mentioned></note></ref>
          и др. Этноним <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>dvali</w></mentioned> в грузинской
          географической традиции прикреплен к той же территории, что ос. <oRef>twal</oRef>, а
          именно к верховьям Ардона южнее ущелья <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Kʼasara</w></mentioned>, включающим владения аулов <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Zæræmæg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Zǧīl</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Nar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Zrūg</w></mentioned> [<bibl>Царевич <author>Вахушти</author>. <title>Описание
              царства грузинского (на груз. яз.)</title>. <pubPlace>Тбилиси</pubPlace>,
              <date>1941</date>, <biblScope>стр. 107</biblScope></bibl>. — Названия двальских аулов
            <name>Вахушти</name> дает в форме <w>Zramaga</w>, <w>Zǧele</w>, <w>Nara</w>,
            <w>Zrogo</w>]. Нет сомнения, что <w>dval</w> (<mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>dvali</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>dval-k</w></mentioned>) в древности было наименованием одной из местных, кавказских
          этнических групп, известных в Географии <bibl><author>Птолемея</author> (<biblScope>кн. V,
              гл. VIII, 17—25</biblScope>)</bibl> как <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><w>Οὔαλοι</w></mentioned>, у <bibl><author>Плиния</author></bibl> как <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Valli</w></mentioned>, на <bibl><title>Tabula
            Peutingeriana</title></bibl> как <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Divali</w></mentioned>
          (см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Sköld._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>68–69</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Еремян</author>. <title>Расселение
              горских народов Кавказа по Птолемею и «Армянской географии» VII в.</title>
            <bibl type="m"><title>Труды VII междунар. конгресса антропол. и этногр.
              наук</title></bibl>, <biblScope>т. VIII, 1970, стр. 405</biblScope></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Гамрекели</author>. <title>Двалы и Двалетия в I–XV вв. н. э.</title>
            <pubPlace>Тбилиси</pubPlace>, <date>1961</date></bibl>). С приходом алан в Центральный
          Кавказ название, как это часто бывает, перешло к той их ветви, которая расселилась на
          территории древних двалов и смешалась с ними, так же как, скажем, название литовского
          племени прусов перешло на восточных немцев, а название кельтского племени бритов — на
          завоевателей англосаксов.<note type="footnote"><bibl><author>Гамрекели</author>
              <note type="comment">(ор. cit.)</note></bibl> совершенно прав, когда он считает
              <w>dval</w> коренным кавказским, а не импортированным этнонимом. Но явно
            несостоятельно его утверждение, что двалы существовали как особое племя до XV в. н. э.
            (см.: <bibl><author>Гаглойти</author>. <title>Аланы и вопросы этногенеза осетин</title>.
                <pubPlace>Тбилиси</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>стр.
              89–100</biblScope></bibl>). Грузинская летопись не упоминает народа двалов и знает
            только область <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>Dvaleti</w></mentioned> (<bibl><title>Kartlis
                cxovreba</title>. <pubPlace>Тбилиси</pubPlace>, <date>1942</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                34, 42, 163</biblScope></bibl>).</note> — Ср. другие локальные этнонимы осетин: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ir"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dygūr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">dygūr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">digoræ</w></ref>. Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Ūrstwaltæ"/>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">From <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>dvali</w></mentioned> with the deafening of the initial <c>d-</c>, as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tyrysa"><w>tyrysa</w>
            <gloss><q>banner</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>droša</w></mentioned></note></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tarvaz"><w>tarvaz</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T000007+0300" comment="этот косяк?..."?>cant<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>darbaz</w></mentioned></note></ref> etc. The ethnonym <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>dvali</w></mentioned> in the Georgian geographical tradition is attached to the
          same territory as Ossetic <oRef>twal</oRef>, namely, to the upper reaches of the Ardon
          south of the gorge <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Kʼasara</w></mentioned>, including the
          domains of auls <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Zæræmæg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Zǧīl</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Nar</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Zrūg</w></mentioned> [<bibl>Prince
              <author>Vakhushti</author>. <title>Description of the Kingdom of Georgia</title> [in Georgian].
              <pubPlace>Tbilisi</pubPlace>, <date>1941</date>, <biblScope>p. 107</biblScope></bibl>.
          — the names of the Dvalian auls are given by <name>Vakhushti</name> in the form
            <w>Zramaga</w>, <w>Zǧele</w>, <w>Nara</w>, <w>Zrogo</w>]. There is no doubt that
            <w>dval</w> (<mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>dvali</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>dval-k</w></mentioned>) in ancient times was the name of one of the local, Caucasian
          ethnic groups known in the Geograpgy of <bibl><author>Ptolemy</author> (<biblScope>book V,
              chapter VIII, 17—25</biblScope>)</bibl> as <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><w>Οὔαλοι</w></mentioned>, <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T000518+0300" comment="как лучше)))))))"?>in<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          <bibl><author>Pliny</author></bibl>’s works as <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Valli</w></mentioned>, in <bibl><title>Tabula Peutingeriana</title></bibl> as
            <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Divali</w></mentioned> (see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Sköld._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>68–69</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Yeremyan</author>.
              <title>Rasselenie gorskix narodov Kavkaza po Ptolemeju i <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Armjanskoj geografii</q> VII v.</title> [The distribution of
              the mountain peoples of the Caucasus according to Ptolemy and the <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Armenian Geography</q>
              of the 7th century]. <bibl type="m"><title>Trudy VII meždunarodnogo kongressa
                antropologičeskix i ètnografičeskix nauk</title> [Proceedings of the VII International
                Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences]</bibl>,
              <biblScope>vol. VIII, 1970, p. 405</biblScope></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Gamrekeli</author>. <title>Dvaly i Dvaletija v I–XV vv. n. è.</title> [The Dvals and
              Dvaletia in the 1st–15th centuries AD]
            <pubPlace>Tbilisi</pubPlace>, <date>1961</date></bibl>). With the arrival of the Alans
          in the Central Caucasus, the name, as often happens, passed to that branch of them that
          settled in the territory of the ancient Dvals and mixed with them, just as, say, the name
          of the Lithuanian tribe of the Prussians passed to the East Germans, and the name of the
          Celtic tribe of the Britons – on the conquerors of the Anglo-Saxons.<note type="footnote"><bibl><author>Gamrekeli</author>
              <note type="comment">(op. cit.)</note></bibl> is absolutely right when he considers
              <w>dval</w> to be a native Caucasian, and not an imported ethnonym. But his assertion
            that the Dvals existed as a separate tribe until the 15th century AD is clearly
            untenable (see: <bibl><author>Gagloity</author>. <title>Alany i voprosy ètnogeneza
                osetin</title> [The Alans and problems of ethnogenesis of Ossetians].
                <pubPlace>Tbilisi</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>p.
              89–100</biblScope></bibl>). The Georgian chronicle does not mention the Dval people
            and only knows the <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>Dvaleti</w></mentioned> area
                (<bibl><title>Kartlis cxovreba</title>. <pubPlace>Tbilisi</pubPlace>,
                <date>1942</date>, <biblScope>p. 34, 42, 163</biblScope></bibl>).</note> — Cf. other
          local ethnonyms of Ossetians: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ir"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dygūr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">dygūr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">digoræ</w></ref>. Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Ūrstwaltæ"/>.</etym>
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