<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">abyræg</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
        <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
    </tagsDecl>
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    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_abyræg" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="complete">
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231217T200924+0300" comment="checked"?>
                <form xml:id="form_d3151e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>abyræg</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
                <form xml:id="form_d3151e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>abæreg</orth><form xml:id="form_d3151e71" type="variant"><orth>abæræg</orth></form></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d3151e74">
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d3151e75">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>абрек</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q><foreign>abrek</foreign></q>
                            <note type="comment"> (a kind of Caucasian brigand)</note>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d3151e84">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>разбойник</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>outlaw</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                </sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d3151e94">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e96">
                        <quote>æxæstony bæsty x˳yzdær særibar <oRef>abyræg</oRef></quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>вместо тюрьмы лучше быть свободным абреком</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231217T195154+0300" comment="букв. с осетинского"?>instead
                                of prison<?oxy_comment_end ?>, it is better to be a free outlaw</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/><biblScope>145</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e115">
                        <quote>ḱī <oRef>abyræg</oRef> alyǧdī, ḱī xæxty bambæxstī, qalon nal
                            fystoj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>кто убежал в абреки, кто спрятался в горах, податей больше не
                                платили</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>some became <foreign>abreks</foreign>, some hid in the mountains,
                                they no longer paid taxes</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/><biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e134">
                        <quote>īw læg… <oRef>abyrǵytæm</oRef> baftydī</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>некоторый человек… попался разбойникам</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>a certain man… fell among thieves</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Лука"/><biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">10</hi> 30</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e153" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>fættærgaj dæn næ adæmæj, <oRef>abæregæj</oRef> raliǧtæn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>обиделся я на наш народ, убежал от него абреком</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>I took offence at our people, I ran away (from them) as an
                                    <foreign>abrek</foreign></q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Wadž."/><biblScope>26</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e175" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>fesqætæg æj ænæbari æ warzontæj, æ bæstæj; ku ne ’ncadæj æ xæʒari,
                                <oRef>abæreg</oRef> nom in issæj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>он был оторван против воли от любимых, от родины; не знал он покоя в
                                своем доме, и стало ему имя — абрек</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>he was separated from his loved ones, from his homeland against his
                                will; he did not know peace at home, and he came to be called an
                                    <foreign>abrek</foreign></q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Sozur"/><biblScope>44</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e198" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote><oRef>abærgutæ</oRef> æcægæj ærbaǧuztæncæ ærǧawmæ, fal sæ armi neci
                            baftudæj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>абреки действительно подкрались к стаду, но им не удалось ничем
                                поживиться</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the outlaws truly reached the herd, but nothing
                                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231217T195936+0300" comment="у Абаева иначе, но в ос. так и в англ. есть такая идиома"?>fell
                                into their hands<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/><biblScope>1949 II
                            38</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d3151e220" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>kæd <oRef>æbærgutæ</oRef> an, wæddær digorænttæ xunnæn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>хоть мы и абреки, все же мы называемся дигорцами</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>although we are outlaws, we call ourselves Digor after all</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/><biblScope>1940 III
                            60</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Кавказское</q> слово,
                    восходящее, возможно, к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e415" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e245" xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">āparak</w></mentioned>, ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e420" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e250" xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                        <w>āpartan</w>
                        <gloss><q>добыча</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>грабить</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e434" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e264" xml:lang="pal"><w>āpar</w>
                        <gloss><q>грабеж</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e440" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e270" xml:lang="fa" extralang="tr"><lang/>
                        <w>āvāra</w>
                        <gloss><q>бродяга</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e449" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e279" xml:lang="fa" extralang="tr"><w>āvār</w>
                        <gloss><q>добыча</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>грабеж</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                            <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e461" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e291" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                            <w>avar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e466" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e296" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                            <w>avari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e471" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e301" xml:lang="ka"><w>avara</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>бродяга</q></gloss></mentioned>; ближе к осетинскому стоят:
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e477" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e307" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>abrakʼi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e483" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e313" xml:lang="ka"><w>abragi</w></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e486" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e316" xml:lang="ka"><w>apʼarekʼa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e489" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e319" xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
                        <w>abragi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e494" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e324" xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
                        <w>ambreg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e499" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e329" xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
                        <w>abrag</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e504" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e334" xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
                        <w>abrag</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e510" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e340" xml:lang="kbd" extralang="kbd-x-crc"><lang/>
                        <w>abreg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e515" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e345" xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
                        <w>abrek</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e520" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e350" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>äbarg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e525" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e355" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>oburg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e530" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e360" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>aburik</w></mentioned>.<note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">Ошибочно: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>62</biblScope></bibl> (от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_byryn"><w>byryn</w>
                            <gloss><q>ползти</q></gloss></ref>!).</note> Ср. также <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e535" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e365" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>aparag</w>
                        <gloss><q>пришелец</q></gloss></mentioned>. Различие между формами типа
                        <w>aparek</w> (<w>abareg</w>) и <w>avara</w> следует объяснить тем, что
                    первые усвоены из средне-, а вторые из новоперсидского. С начала XIX в. усвоено
                    в южнорусские, особенно казачьи говоры, а также в русский литературный язык. Как
                    видно, персидское слово было усвоено в языки Кавказа дважды: сперва в
                    пехлевийской форме <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e544" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e374" xml:lang="pal"><w type="rec">āparak</w></mentioned> (отсюда <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e549" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e379" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>abrak-</w></mentioned> и пр.), потом в новоперсидской <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e554" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e384" xml:lang="fa"><w>āvāra</w></mentioned> (отсюда <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e559" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e389" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>avara</w></mentioned> и пр.). Осетинское слово, как видно в особенности
                    из дигорской формы, усвоено от соседей; поэтому <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e564" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e394" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>Ἄβραγος</w></mentioned> следует связать скорее с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e569" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e399" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
                        <w>abra-</w></mentioned>, ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arv"/>
                            ‘небо’.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ВЯ"/><biblScope>1958 I
                            117—120</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">A <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Caucasian</q> word that
                    possibly goes back to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e245" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e415" xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">āparak</w></mentioned>, cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e250" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e420" xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                        <w>āpartan</w>
                        <gloss><q>trophy</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>rob</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e264" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e434" xml:lang="pal"><w>āpar</w>
                        <gloss><q>robbery</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e270" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e440" xml:lang="fa" extralang="tr"><lang/>
                        <w>āvāra</w>
                        <gloss><q>tramp</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e279" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e449" xml:lang="fa" extralang="tr"><w>āvār</w>
                        <gloss><q>trophy</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>robbery</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                            <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e291" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e461" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                            <w>avar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e296" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e466" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                            <w>avari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e301" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e471" xml:lang="ka"><w>avara</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>tramp</q></gloss></mentioned>; the following words are closer to
                    Ossetic: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e307" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e477" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>abrakʼi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e313" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e483" xml:lang="ka"><w>abragi</w></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e316" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e486" xml:lang="ka"><w>apʼarekʼa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e319" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e489" xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
                        <w>abragi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e324" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e494" xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
                        <w>ambreg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e329" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e499" xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
                        <w>abrag</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e334" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e504" xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
                        <w>abrag</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e340" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e510" xml:lang="kbd" extralang="kbd-x-crc"><lang/>
                        <w>abreg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e345" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e515" xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
                        <w>abrek</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e350" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e520" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>äbarg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e355" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e525" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>oburg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e360" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e530" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>aburik</w></mentioned>.<note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">The
                        etymology in <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>62</biblScope></bibl> is mistaken (from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_byryn"/> ‘crawl’!).</note> Cf. also <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e365" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e535" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>aparag</w>
                        <gloss><q>newcomer</q></gloss></mentioned>. The difference between forms
                    like <w>aparek</w> (<w>abareg</w>) and <w>avara</w> should be explained by the
                    fact that the former were adopted from Middle Persian, and the latter, from New
                    Persian. Since the early 19th century, the word has also been adopted into
                    southern Russian, especially Cossack dialects, as well as into standard Russian.
                    As can be seen, the Persian word was adopted into the languages ​​of the
                    Caucasus twice: first in the Pahlavi form <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e374" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e544" xml:lang="pal"><w>*āparak</w></mentioned> (whence <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e379" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e549" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>abrak-</w></mentioned> etc.), and then in the New Persian form <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e384" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e554" xml:lang="fa"><w>āvāra</w></mentioned> (whence <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e389" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e559" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>avara</w></mentioned> etc.). The Ossetic word, as seen especially from
                    the Digor form, was adopted from neighbouring languages; so <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e394" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e564" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>Ἄβραγος</w></mentioned> should be rather connected with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d3151e399" xml:id="mentioned_d3151e569" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
                        <w>abra-</w></mentioned>, Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arv"><w>arv</w>
                        <gloss><q>sky</q></gloss></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ВЯ"/>
                        <biblScope>1958 I 117—120</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
            </entry>
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