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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xal_1</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_xal_1" n="1" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d5582e66" type="lemma"><orth>xal</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d5582e69">
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>травинка</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>blade of grass</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>былинка</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>blade</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>zajæg xal</orth></form>
          <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>zajgæ xalæ</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">зелень</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">greenery</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>растение</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>plant</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>kærdæǵy xal</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">травинка</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">blade of grass</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>qæmpy xal</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">соломинка</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">straw</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>xalgærdæg</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">луговая дерновая трава</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">meadow turfy grass</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> в отличие от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_syf_1"><w>syfgærdæg</w>
              <gloss><q>листовая трава</q></gloss></ref></note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> in contrast to <ref type="xr" target="#entry_syf_1"><w>syfgærdæg</w>
              <gloss><q>leaf grass</q></gloss></ref></note>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>xalxos</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сено, полученное из <oRef>xalgærdæg</oRef></q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hay made from <oRef>xalgærdæg</oRef></q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Kuši... usy qybyly ’swydta, q˳yzyn æm
              bajdydta <oRef>xalæj</oRef> xalmæ, syfæj syfmæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(охотник) Куши высмотрел того кабана
                  (<q>поросенка</q>), стал к нему красться от травинки к травинке, от листочка к
                листочку</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Kushi (a hunter) spied this boar
                (<q>piglet</q>) out, started to sneak up on it from one blade to another, from one
                leaf to another</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 102</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kæd næ fækʼævdatæ wa, wæd dywwæ k˳yrīmæ
              kærdæǵy <oRef>xal</oRef> ænætynd nal bazzajʒæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если не пойдут дожди, то за две недели не
                останется ни одной не сорванной травинки</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">if rains don't come, there won't be any plucked
                blade left in two weeks</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>209</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næ xom <oRef>xal</oRef> — fycag, næ fyx
                <oRef>xal</oRef> — axadæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">наша сырая (только что скошенная) трава да
                спечется (высохнет) (быстро), наша спекшаяся трава (сено) да будет изобильной</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">may our wet (just mowed) grass bake (dry)
                (fast), may our baked grass (hay) be abundant</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">из молитвы
                перед началом сенокоса; </note><note xml:lang="en" type="comment">from the prayer
                before a start of a haymaking; </note><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <date>1979</date>
              <biblScope>IV 89</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">arvi nærunmæ kærdægi <oRef>xalæ</oRef>
              iʒuldæj æxe wæd ku bacæǧduj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">на гром неба (в ожидании дождя) травинки весело
                встряхиваются</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">towards the sky thunder (waiting for rain)
                blades shake merrily</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
              <biblScope>56<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">100–101</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Сближается с <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>xali</w>, <w>xala</w>
            <gloss><q>отрезанная ветвь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>длинная палка</q></gloss></mentioned>
              (<bibl><title>Ежегодник ибер.-кавк. языкозн.</title>
            <date>1975</date>
            <biblScope>II 212<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">11</hi></biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>m-xali</w>
            <gloss>общее название огородной и полевой зелени, которую варят в
            пищу</gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Груз._сл."/>
            <biblScope>V 1236</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="lbe"><lang/>
            <w>x́ulu</w>, <w>x́alal</w>
            <gloss><q>сено</q></gloss>, <phr>xala baku</phr>
            <gloss><q>стог сена</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
            <w>xal</w>
            <gloss><q>стебель травы</q></gloss>, <w>xēlig</w>
            <gloss><q>былинка</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Мациев"/>
            <biblScope>441, 447</biblScope></bibl>). Если учесть, что ос. <oRef/> входит в ряд
          весьма старых по образованию сложных слов (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalaǧūd"/>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalamærzæn"/>, <oRef>xalgærdæg</oRef>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalsar"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalsask"/>), то можно говорить
          только о древнем субстрате, а не о новейшем заимствовании из соседних языков.
          Предполагаемая субстратная база <w type="rec">xal</w> была, видимо, скифо-славо-кавказской
          изоглоссой. На славянской почве ср. <mentioned xml:lang="sh"><lang/>
            <w>hàluga</w>
            <gloss><q>сорная трава</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs" extralang="sk"><lang/>
            <w>chaluha</w>
            <gloss><q>водоросль</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/> (терск.)
              <w>халужина</w>
            <gloss><q>хворостина</q></gloss></mentioned> и др. (исчерпывающий материал в статье:
              <bibl><author>Львов</author>. <title>Славянские слова с корнем <m>chal-</m> |
                <m>chol-</m></title>. <publisher>В сб.:Этимологические исследования по русскому
              языку, вып. 1</publisher>, <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>, <biblScope>стр.
              27—38</biblScope></bibl>). Опыты индоевропейской этимологизации этого корня
          неубедительны. Стоит отметить, что и в осетинском, и в славянском от базы <w type="rec">xal-</w> образованы слова со значением <gloss><q>шалаш</q></gloss> и т. п.: ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalaǧūd"/>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>халабуда</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
            <w>chalupa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="be"><lang/>
            <w>халуга</w></mentioned> и др. См. также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xal_2"/>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">It is brought closer to <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>xali</w>, <w>xala</w>
            <gloss><q>cut branch</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>long stick</q></gloss></mentioned>
              (<bibl><title>Ežegodnik iber.-kavk. jazykozn.</title> [<title>The yearbook of the
              Iberian-Caucasian linguistics</title>]. <date>1975</date>
            <biblScope>II 212<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">11</hi></biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>m-xali</w>
            <gloss>general name of garden and field greens which are used for
            food</gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Груз._сл."/>
            <biblScope>V 1236</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="lbe"><lang/>
            <w>x́ulu</w>, <w>x́alal</w>
            <gloss><q>hay</q></gloss>, <phr>xala baku</phr>
            <gloss><q>haystack</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
            <w>xal</w>
            <gloss><q>stalk of grass</q></gloss>, <w>xēlig</w>
            <gloss><q>blade</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Мациев"/>
            <biblScope>441, 447</biblScope></bibl>). If one takes into account that Ossetic
          <oRef/>is one of the very old in derivation compounds (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalaǧūd"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalamærzæn"/>,
            <oRef>xalgærdæg</oRef>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalsar"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalsask"/>), it is possible to speak only about the ancient substrate,
          not about the newest borrowing from neighboring languages. The supposed substrate base <w type="rec">xal</w> was, apparently, Scythian-Slavic-Caucasian izogloss. On the Slavic
          ground cf. <mentioned xml:lang="sh"><lang/>
            <w>hàluga</w>
            <gloss><q>weeds</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs" extralang="sk"><lang/>
            <w>chaluha</w>
            <gloss><q>seaweed</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/> (Terek
            dialect) <w>xalužina</w>
            <gloss><q>twig</q></gloss></mentioned>, etc. (the exhaustive material one can find in
          the article: <bibl><author>L'vov</author>. <title>Slavjanskie slova s kornem <m>chal-</m>
              | <m>chol-</m></title>. [<title>Slavic words with the root <m>chal-</m> |
              <m>chol-</m></title>]. <publisher>In vol.:Ètimologičeskie issledovanija po russkomu
              jazyku, issue 1</publisher>, <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>,
              <biblScope>p. 27—38</biblScope></bibl>). Attempts of Indo-European etymologization of
          this root are inconvincible. It is worth noting that both in Ossetic and in Slavic from
          the base <w type="rec">xal-</w> are derived words with the meaning
            <gloss><q>hut</q></gloss>, etc.: Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xalaǧūd"/>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>xalabuda</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
            <w>chalupa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="be"><lang/>
            <w>xaluga</w></mentioned>, etc. See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xal_2"/>.</etym>
      </entry>
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