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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wasxæ</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_wasxæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor" abv:completeness="questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d5033e66" type="lemma"><orth>wasxæ</orth></form>
        <usg><lang/></usg>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d5033e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>клятва</q>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>oath</q>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_somy"/></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_somy"/></note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>wasxæ</oRef> n’ astæw, mæ
              sinxon</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">между нами (да будет) клятва, мой сосед</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">between us (may there be) an oath, my
                neighbour</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
              <biblScope>109</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Narti <oRef>wasxæ</oRef> din dæddun, kʼwærej
              boni dæ razmæ kud racæwʒænæn obæl</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">даю тебе нартовскую клятву, что через неделю
                выйду тебе навстречу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I give you the Nart oath that in a week I will
                come out toward you</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 16</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ <oRef>wacxæ</oRef> ma fæssajæ!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">не нарушь свою клятву!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">do not break your oath!</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><bibl xml:lang="ru"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам.">там же</ref>, <biblScope>17</biblScope></bibl><bibl xml:lang="en"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам.">ibid.</ref>,
                  <biblScope>17</biblScope></bibl></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Xæmic <oRef>wasxæ</oRef> ravardta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Хамиц дал клятву</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Xæmits gave an oath</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><bibl xml:lang="ru"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам.">там же</ref>, <biblScope>24</biblScope></bibl><bibl xml:lang="en"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам.">ibid.</ref>,
                  <biblScope>24</biblScope></bibl></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment">Семантическая
            близость к <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard"/> хорошо видна в некоторых формулах, где
            по желанию можно употребить то или другое слово, например: </note>
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment">The semantic
            proximity to <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard"/> is clearly seen in certain formulae
            where both words are freely interchangeable, e.g.: </note>
          <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231108T015939+0300" comment="строго говоря, пример не на это слово"?>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ ard dæ fæste æftud fæwwæd!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">твой <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard"><foreign>ard</foreign></ref> тебя да преследует!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">may your <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard"><foreign>ard</foreign></ref> follow you!</q>
            </tr>
          </example><?oxy_comment_end ?>
          <example>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment">или </note>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment">or </note>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ <oRef>wasxæ</oRef> dæ fæste æftud
              fæwwæd!</quote>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <re>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">Сюда же </note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">Here also </note>
          <form type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/><orth>Wasxo</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <def xml:lang="ru">название свя- тилища и божества, чествуемого в <mentioned xml:lang="os"><gloss>ауле</gloss>
                <w>Qæni</w></mentioned></def>
            <def xml:lang="en">name of a sanctuary and deity venerated in the <mentioned xml:lang="os"><gloss>village</gloss>
                <w>Qæni</w></mentioned></def>
            <note type="bibl" xml:lang="ru"> (<bibl><title>Сб. сведений о кавк. горцах</title>
                <biblScope>III <hi rendition="#rend_italic">2</hi> 40</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
          </sense>
          <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
            <example>
              <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231108T020153+0300" comment="у Абаева здесь точка тире"?>Wasxo<?oxy_comment_end ?>,
                æz de wazæg</quote>
              <tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Уасхо, отдаюсь под твое покровительство</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Waskho, I am giving myself in under your
                  patronage</q>
              </tr>
            </example>
          </exampleGrp>
        </re>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Абхазо-адыгский культовой термин: <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>waśx́wä</w>
            <gloss>употребляется в формулах клятвы, значение уже не осознается</gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><title>Кабардинский фольклор</title>.
                  <pubPlace>М.—Л.</pubPlace>, <date>1936</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                638</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Аутлева</author>. <title>Новые материалы по
                  религии адыгов</title>. <bibl type="j"><title>Уч. зап. Адыг. научно-исслед.
                    инст.</title>
                  <date>1965</date></bibl>
                <biblScope>IV 191</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ady"><lang/>
            <w>wašx́o</w>
            <gloss><q>небесный свод</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Хатанов_Керашева"/>
                <biblScope>560</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
            <w>wašxwa</w>
            <gloss><q>гром и молния</q></gloss>, <phr>wášxwa wəyáx!</phr>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">порази тебя гром!</q></gloss>, <gloss>также в
              формулах клятвы: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">bei Gott!</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mészaros"/>
                <biblScope>197, 200</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vogt"/>
                <biblScope>201</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
            <w>wašxwa</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">используется как выражение самой сильной,
                верной клятвы</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<name>Инал-ипа</name>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
            <w>wašx́wa</w>
            <gloss><q>клятва</q></gloss>, также <gloss><q>некая высшая священная
            сила</q></gloss></mentioned> (см. ниже библиографическую справку, стр. 154).
            <name>Инал-ипа</name> предположительно относит сюда <mentioned xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
            <w>visxa</w>, <w>usxvaj</w>
            <gloss>название быков, посвященных владыке неба</gloss></mentioned>. Этимология не
          вполне ясна. Есть попытки анализировать на адыгской почве (<w>wa-šxwä</w>
          <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">небо синее</q></gloss>). Несколько иначе (на
          убыхском материале): <bibl><author>Dumézil</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AION"/>
            <biblScope>1963 V 10</biblScope></bibl>; ср. <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_JA"/>
            <biblScope>1956, f. 4, стр. 365</biblScope></bibl>. — Сближается с <mentioned xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
            <w>wašhaw</w>
            <gloss><q>бог</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<name>Bleichsteiner</name>, <name>Mészaros</name>,
                <name>Георгиев</name>, <name>Инал-ипа</name> и др.)</note></mentioned>. Несомненна
          глубокая древность этого религиозного термина на абхазо-адыгской почве. Семантическая
          эволюция <gloss><q>имя божества</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>клятва этим божеством</q></gloss>
          → вообще <gloss><q>клятва</q></gloss> знакома нам и на осетинской почве: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>ard</w>
            <gloss><q>клятва</q></gloss></ref> восходит к <mentioned xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
            <w>Arta-</w>
            <gloss>название божества</gloss></mentioned>. — <bibl>Вс. <author>Миллер</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
            <biblScope>I 1191Э, 16120</biblScope>)</bibl> делил <w>was-xo</w> и сближал первую часть
          с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wac"><w>was</w>, <w>wac</w></ref> в именах <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">божеств</q>
          <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wastyrǵi"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wacilla"/> и др.
          Вторая часть (<c>-xo</c>, <c>-xæ</c>) остается при этом загадочной. Оснований для такого
          толкования, кроме случайного созвучия, нет. Слово целиком усвоено из абхазского или
          адыгского и к ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wac"/> отношения не
              имеет.<lb/><bibl><author>Инал-ипа</author>. <title>Вопросы этно-культурной истории
              абхазов</title>. <pubPlace>Сухуми</pubPlace>, <date>1976</date>, <biblScope>стр.
              146—162</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Штакельберг</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/>
            <biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Gershevitch</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
            <biblScope>1955 XVII 488, прим. 3</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">An Abkhaz-Adyghe religious term: <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>waśx́wä</w>
            <gloss>used in oath formulae, meaning no longer understood</gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><title>Kabardinskij folʼklor</title> [Kabardian folklore].
                  <pubPlace>Moscow, Leningrad</pubPlace>, <date>1936</date>, <biblScope>p.
                  638</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Autleva</author>. <title>Novye materialy
                  po religii adygov</title> [New materials on the religion of the Adyghe]. <bibl type="j"><title>Učënye zapiski Adygejskogo naučno-issledovatelʼskogo
                    instituta</title>
                  <date>1965</date></bibl>
                <biblScope>IV 191</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ady"><lang/>
            <w>wašx́o</w>
            <gloss><q>firmament</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Хатанов_Керашева"/>
                <biblScope>560</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
            <w>wašxwa</w>
            <gloss><q>thunder and lightning</q></gloss>, <phr>wášxwa wəyáx!</phr>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">thunder take you!</q></gloss>, <gloss>also in
              oath formulae: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">bei Gott!</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mészaros"/>
                <biblScope>197, 200</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vogt"/>
                <biblScope>201</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
            <w>wašxwa</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">used to express the strongest, most reliable
                oath</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<name>Inal-ipa</name>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
            <w>wašx́wa</w>
            <gloss><q>oath</q></gloss>, also <gloss><q>some higher holy
            force</q></gloss></mentioned> (see bibliographic note below, p. 154).
            <name>Inal-ipa</name>, as a hypothesis, also adds <mentioned xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
            <w>visxa</w>, <w>usxvaj</w>
            <gloss>name of oxen dedicated to the sky lord</gloss></mentioned>. The etymology is not
          entirely clear. There have been attempts to analyze the word in Circassian terms
            (<w>wa-šxwä</w>
          <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">sky blue</q></gloss>). Somewhat different (based
          on Ubykh data): <bibl><author>Dumézil</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AION"/>
            <biblScope>1963 V 10</biblScope></bibl>; cf. <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_JA"/>
            <biblScope>1956, f. 4, p. 365</biblScope></bibl>. — Approaches <mentioned xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
            <w>wašhaw</w>
            <gloss><q>a god</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<name>Bleichsteiner</name>, <name>Mészaros</name>,
                <name>Georgiev</name>, <name>Inal-ipa</name> etc.)</note></mentioned>. The deep
          antiquity of this religious term in Abkhaz-Adyghe is without doubt. The semantic evolution
              <gloss><q>name of a deity</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>oath by this deity</q></gloss> →
              <gloss><q>oath</q> in general</gloss> is also known in Ossetic: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ard" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>ard</w>
            <gloss><q>oath</q></gloss></ref> goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
            <w>Arta-</w>
            <gloss>name of a deity</gloss></mentioned>. — <bibl>Ws. <author>Miller</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OÈ</ref>
            <biblScope>I 119<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">19</hi>, 161<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">20</hi></biblScope>)</bibl> analyzed it as <w>was-xo</w>
          and compared the first part to <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wac"><w>was</w>,
            <w>wac</w></ref> in the names of <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">deities</q>
          <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wastyrǵi"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wacilla"/> etc.
          The second part (<c>-xo</c>, <c>-xæ</c>) in this case remains mysterious. Apart from
          accidental similarity, there is no ground for this interpretation. The word is borrowed
          from Abkhaz or Circassian in its entirety and has nothing to do with Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wac"/>.<lb/><bibl><author>Inal-ipa</author>. <title>Voprosy
              ètno-kulʼturnoj istorii abxazov</title> [Questions of the ethno-cultural history of
            the Abkhazians]. <pubPlace>Sukhumi</pubPlace>, <date>1976</date>, <biblScope>pp.
              146–162</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Stackelberg</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/>
            <biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Gershevitch</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
            <biblScope>1955 XVII 488, fn. 3</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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