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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">avg</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
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    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_avg" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="complete">
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240120T180431+0300" comment="checked"?>
                <form xml:id="form_d5667e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>avg</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
                <form xml:id="form_d5667e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>avgæ</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d5667e72">
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d5667e73">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>стекло</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>glass</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d5667e82">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>бутылка</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>bottle</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                </sense>
                <re xml:id="re_d5667e92">
                    <form xml:id="form_d5667e94" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>avǵyn</orth></form>
                    <form xml:id="form_d5667e97" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>avgin</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d5667e100">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>стеклянный</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>of glass</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                </re>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5667e111">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5667e113">
                        <quote>axæm xæʒar wyd æmæ jæ kʼultæ ærǧæw, jæ byn — cʼæx <oRef>avg</oRef>,
                            jæ sær — sæwwon stʼaly</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>такой был дом: стены — перламутр, пол — синее стекло, верх — утренняя
                                звезда</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>such was the house that its walls (were) nacre, its floor (was) blue
                                glass, its top (was) the morning star</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
                            <biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5667e132">
                        <quote><oRef>ævgtæ</oRef> rænqæj læwwydysty fyngyl</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>бутылки стояли в ряд на столе</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>bottles stood in a row on the table</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5667e147" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>Totaj esuj <oRef>avgæ</oRef></quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>Тотай берет бутылку</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Totay takes the bottle</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
                            <biblScope>101</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Не случайна близость к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e356" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e173" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>ap’ak’i</w>
                        <gloss><q>стекло</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>хрусталь</q></gloss></mentioned>.
                    Оба слова восходят к общему иранскому источнику: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e370" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e187" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">āpaka</w></mentioned>, от <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e375" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e192" xml:lang="ira"><w>āp-</w>
                        <gloss><q>вода</q></gloss></mentioned>, ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e383" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e200" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>ābgīna</w>
                        <gloss><q>стекло</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>хрусталь</q></gloss>
                        <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/>
                                <biblScope>I 103</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>,
                            <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e402" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e219" xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                            <w>āpakēnak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e407" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e224" xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
                            <w type="rec">āpᵃkēn-</w>, <w type="rec">āpᵃkēnak</w>, <w type="rec">āpᵃkēnč</w> (<w>ʼʼpkyn-</w>, <w>ʼʼpkynʼk</w>,
                            <w>ʼʼpkynčh</w>)</mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>хрусталь</q></gloss></mentioned>. Первоначальное значение было бы
                    в этом случае: <gloss><q>подобное воде</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>прозрачное, как
                            вода</q></gloss>.<note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">К.
                            <name>Штейнен</name> пишет ο туземцах Бразилии:
                            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240120T173757+0300" comment="make a quote?"?><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Зеркало они называли
                        водой</q><?oxy_comment_end ?>. Ср. также выражение <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">чистой воды</q> о драгоценных камнях. В
                        аварском <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5667e539" xml:lang="av"><w>cer</w>
                            значит <gloss><q>лед</q></gloss>,
                            <gloss><q>стекло</q></gloss></mentioned>.</note> Ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e418" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e235" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>āb-i xušk</w>
                        <gloss><q>стекло</q></gloss></mentioned>, <gloss><q>хрусталь</q> (<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">сухая вода</q></gloss>)</gloss>.
                    Точные эквиваленты находим в памирских языках в значении
                        <gloss><q>вода</q></gloss>: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e433" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e250" xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
                        <w>yupk, yápak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e438" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e255" xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
                        <w>yówga</w>, <w>yaogha</w>
                        <note type="comment">(из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">āpaka</w></mentioned>)</note></mentioned>, ср. также <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e443" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e260" xml:lang="zza"><lang/>
                        <w>āūk</w>
                        <gloss><q>Wasser</q></gloss>
                        <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>
                                <biblScope xml:lang="ru">Abt. III, Bd. IV, стр.
                                280</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Данное разъяснение
                    позволяет заключить о весьма давнем знакомстве осетин со стеклом. Действительно,
                    изделия из стекла — сосуды, вставные украшения из цветного стекла и пр. —
                    составляют характерный признак сарматских погребений с первых веков н. э.
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e456" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e273" xml:lang="hu"><lang>Венг.</lang>
                        <w>üveg</w>, <w>eveg</w>
                        <gloss><q>стекло</q></gloss></mentioned> усвоено, по-видимому, из
                    осетинского (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KSz."/>
                        <biblScope>321</biblScope></bibl>). То же самое можно утверждать
                    относительно <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e469" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e286" xml:lang="kbd" extralang="kbd-x-crc"><lang/>
                        <w>abg</w>, <w>yabg</w>, <w>apkə</w>
                        <gloss><q>стекло</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>стакан</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                    вопреки <bibl>G. <author>Sсhmidt</author>’у (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_FUF"/>
                        <biblScope>XVIII 2, 98</biblScope>)</bibl>. Следы <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e487" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e304" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
                        <w>āp-</w>
                        <gloss><q>вода</q></gloss></mentioned>, которое отдельно в данном значении в
                    осетинском не сохранилось (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_don"><w>don</w>
                        <gloss><q>вода</q></gloss></ref>), можно усмотреть еще в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arf"><w>arf</w>
                        <gloss><q>глубокий</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æxsærʒæn"><w>æxsærʒæn</w>
                        <gloss><q>водопад</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævsurǧ"><w>ævsurǧ</w>
                        <gloss><q>фильтрат пива</q></gloss></ref>. <lang>Скифские</lang> имена
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e504" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e321" xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀβδάρακος</w></mentioned> и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e509" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e326" xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀβνῶζος</w></mentioned> содержат в первой части старое <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e514" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e331" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>āb</w>
                        <gloss><q>вода</q></gloss></mentioned>.<lb/><bibl><author>Bailey</author>
                        <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOS"/>
                        <biblScope>IX 75</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><title>Zoroastrian
                            Problems</title>
                        <biblScope xml:lang="ru">1943, стр. 130 сл.</biblScope></bibl> — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
                        <biblScope>19, 56, 88, 153, 335, 352</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">The proximity to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e173" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e356" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>ap’ak’i</w>
                        <gloss><q>glass</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>crystal</q></gloss></mentioned> is
                    not accidental. Both words go back to the same Iranian source: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e370" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">āpaka</w></mentioned>, from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e375" xml:lang="ira"><w>āp-</w>
                        <gloss><q>water</q></gloss></mentioned>, cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e383" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>ābgīna</w>
                        <gloss><q>glass</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>crystal</q></gloss>
                        <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/>
                                <biblScope>I 103</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>,
                            <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e402" xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                            <w>āpakēnak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e407" xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
                            <w type="rec">āpᵃkēn-</w>, <w type="rec">āpᵃkēnak</w>, <w type="rec">āpᵃkēnč</w> (<w>ʼʼpkyn-</w>, <w>ʼʼpkynʼk</w>,
                            <w>ʼʼpkynčh</w>)</mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>crystal</q></gloss></mentioned>. The original meaning in this case
                    would be <gloss><q>waterlike</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>transparent like
                        water</q></gloss>.<note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">K. von
                            <name>Steinen</name> writes about the Brazilian natives:
                            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240120T175528+0300" comment="make a quote?"?><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">They called the mirror
                        water.</q><?oxy_comment_end ?> Consider also the expression <phr>of the first
                            water</phr> used of precious stones. In Avar, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5667e558" xml:lang="av"><w>cer</w> means
                                    <gloss><q>ice</q></gloss>,
                            <gloss><q>glass</q></gloss></mentioned>.</note> Cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e235" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e418" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>āb-i xušk</w>
                        <gloss><q>glass</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>crystal</q></gloss> (<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">dry water</q></gloss>)</mentioned>.
                    Exact equivalents with the meaning <gloss><q>water</q></gloss> can be found in
                    the Pamir languages: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e250" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e433" xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
                        <w>yupk</w>, <w>yápak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e255" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e438" xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
                        <w>yówga</w>, <w>yaogha</w>
                        <note type="comment">(from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">āpaka</w></mentioned>)</note></mentioned>, cf. also <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e260" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e443" xml:lang="zza"><lang/>
                        <w>āūk</w>
                        <gloss><q>Wasser</q></gloss>
                        <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>
                                <biblScope xml:lang="en">Abt. III, Bd. IV, p.
                            280</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. This explanation allows us
                    to conclude that the Ossetians have been acquainted with glass for a very long
                    time. Indeed, glassware — vessels, inserted decorations made of coloured glass,
                    etc. — have been a characteristic feature of Sarmatian burial places from the
                    first centuries AD. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e273" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e456" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                        <w>üveg</w>, <w>eveg</w>
                        <gloss><q>glass</q></gloss></mentioned> is apparently adopted from the
                    Ossetic (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KSz."/>
                        <biblScope>321</biblScope></bibl>). The same can be said for <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e286" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e469" xml:lang="kbd" extralang="kbd-x-crc"><lang/>
                        <w>abg</w>, <w>yabg</w>, <w>apkə </w><gloss><q>the glass
                            (material)</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>a glass
                        (vessel)</q></gloss></mentioned>, contra <bibl>G. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Sсhmidt</hi> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_FUF"/>
                        <biblScope>XVIII 2, 98</biblScope>)</bibl>. The trace of <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e304" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e487" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
                        <w>āp-</w>
                        <gloss><q>water</q></gloss></mentioned>, which has not been preserved
                    separately in this meaning in the Ossetic (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_don"><w>don</w>
                        <gloss><q>water</q></gloss></ref>) can also be seen in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arf"><w>arf</w>
                        <gloss><q>deep</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æxsærʒæn"><w>æxsærʒæn</w>
                        <gloss><q>waterfall</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævsurǧ"><w>ævsurǧ</w>
                        <gloss><q>beer filtrate</q></gloss></ref>. The <lang>Scythian</lang> names
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e321" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e504" xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀβδάρακος</w></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e326" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e509" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>Ἀβνῶζος</w></mentioned> contain in their first parts the word <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5667e331" xml:id="mentioned_d5667e514" xml:lang="xsc"><lang/>
                        <w>āb</w>
                        <gloss><q>water</q></gloss></mentioned>.<lb/><bibl><author>Bailey</author>
                        <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOS"/>
                        <biblScope>IX 75</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><title>Zoroastrian
                            Problems</title>
                        <biblScope xml:lang="en">1943, p. 130 ff.</biblScope></bibl> — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
                        <biblScope>19, 56, 88, 153, 335, 352</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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