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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xæjræg</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_xæjræg" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="questions">
        <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231024T204928+0300" comment="Russian checked + English"?>
        <form xml:id="form_d3265e66" type="lemma"><orth>xæjræg</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d3265e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>черт</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>demon</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>дьявол</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>devil</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>бес</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; в дигорском более обычно <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sajtan"><w>sajtan</w></ref></note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; in Digor, the more typical word is <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sajtan"><w>sajtan</w></ref></note>
        </sense>
        <sense>
          <sense>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">переносно </note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">figuratively </note>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>хитрец</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>sly person</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>пройдоха</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>scoundrel</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>xæjræǵǵyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">одержимый</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">obsessed</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>бесноватый</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>possessed by demons</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth><oRef>xæjræǵy</oRef> sajd</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свихнувшийся</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">crazed</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">обманутый чертом</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">tricked by a demon</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"><oRef>Xæjræg</oRef> — популярный персонаж народных
          суеверий, преданий, сказок. В приписываемой самим чертям песне
            (<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231024T203623+0300" comment="здесь и в других местах в оригинале разрядка (пока оставим так)"?><mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><phr>Xæjræǵyty zaræg</phr></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>) они
          называют своим хозяином бога-громовника <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wacilla"><w>Wacilla</w></ref>, а своим опаснейшим врагом — волка (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
            <biblScope>II 115, 165</biblScope></bibl>) Известен рассказ о том, как некто из фамилии
            <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><w>Sakkatæ</w></mentioned> (в иронском) или <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>Sekʼina</w></mentioned> (в дигорском) сумел перехитрить черта
              (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>I 86—90</biblScope></bibl>; на эту же тему см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
            <biblScope>II 280—283</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"><oRef>Xæjræg</oRef> is a popular character of folk
          superstitions, legends, fairy tales. In the song attributed to the demons themselves
            (<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231024T203623+0300" comment="здесь и в других местах в оригинале разрядка (пока оставим так)"?><mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><phr>Xæjræǵyty zaræg</phr></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>) they
          call the thunder deity <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wacilla"><w>Wacilla</w></ref> their
          master, and the wolf as their most dangerous enemy (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
            <biblScope>II 115, 165</biblScope></bibl>). A well-known story relates how someone from
          the <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><w>Sakkatæ</w></mentioned> (in Iron) or <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>Sekʼina</w></mentioned> (in Digor) clan was able to outwit a
          demon (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>I 86—90</biblScope></bibl>; on the same topic see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
            <biblScope>II 280—283</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæ fydwag æǧdæwttæj <oRef>xæjræǵy</oRef>
              zærdæ rūxs kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">его беспутное поведение радовало черта</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">his dissolute behaviour made the devil
                happy</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>31</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xæjræǵy</oRef> xyzy tyxst wydystūt æmæ
              næ bak˳ymdtat <oRef>xæjrægæn</oRef> sajyn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вы запутались в сетях дьявола, но не дали себя
                обмануть дьяволу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">you became entangled in the nets of the devil,
                but you didn’t let the devil fool you</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>38</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ūmæ <oRef>xæjræg</oRef> dær næ
              bawændʒæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">к ней и дьявол не осмелится (подступиться)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">even the devil will not dare (approach) her</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Sekʼina jæ bazydta: aj læg næw, fælæ xæjræg
              ū</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Секина догадался: это не человек, а черт</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Sekina guessed: this is not a man, but a
                demon</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>I 86</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">max sæ adæjmægtæ xonæm, fælæ ūdon
                <oRef>xæjræǵytæ</oRef> sty</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мы считаем их людьми, но они — черти</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">we consider them humans, but they are
                devils</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
              <biblScope>38</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xæjræǵy</oRef> jæddæmæ Tūtyry fæʒæxst
              qamajæ nīḱī tærsy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">никто, кроме черта, не боится кинжала,
                освященного в (праздник) Тутыр</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">no one except the devil is afraid of a dagger
                blessed during (the feast of) Tutyr</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
              <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kæcæjdær fæzyndī <oRef>xæjræǵy</oRef>
              læppyn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">откуда-то явился детеныш черта</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a demon’s child appeared from somewhere</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Arsen"/>
              <biblScope>79</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xæjræǵyty</oRef> pædcax… ḱynʒæxsæv
              kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">царь чертей справлял свадьбу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the king of demons celebrated a wedding</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 280—281</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xæjræǵy</oRef> xaj fæū!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">черт тебя возьми! (<q>стань долей
                черта!</q>)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">damn you! (<q>became the devil’s lot!</q>)</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ nomæj næ syrdtam
              <oRef>xæjræǵyty</oRef>?</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">не Твоим ли именем бесов изгоняли?</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">in thy name have we not caset out devils?</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Матфей"/>
              <biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">7</hi> 22</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru"><quote><bibl>Вс. <author>Миллер</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
              <biblScope>II 73</biblScope>)</bibl> замечает: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">М. б.
              родств. с <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                <w>hᵛairi-</w>
                <gloss><q>порицание</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang>с.</lang>
                    <w>svar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>svarati</w></mentioned>
                  <gloss><q>мучить</q></gloss></mentioned> или <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>svar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>svṛṇati</w></mentioned>
                  <gloss><q>ранить</q></gloss></mentioned></mentioned> (?)</q></quote>. Если бы это
          было так, мы ожидали бы <w type="rec" xml:lang="os-x-iron">xæræg</w><w type="rec" xml:lang="os-x-digor">xwæræg</w>, а не <oRef/>; ср. от глагола <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">hvar-</w>
            <gloss><q>мучить</q></gloss></mentioned> ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æfxæryn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">æf-xæryn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">æf-xwærun</w>
            <gloss><q>обижать</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>æf-xæræg</w></mentioned> | <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>æf-xwæræg</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>обидчик</q> и пр.</gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИЭС_I"/>
                <biblScope>117—118</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.
              <bibl><author>Авхледиани</author> (<biblScope>Сборник 201</biblScope>)</bibl> сближал
          с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæræg"><w>xæræg</w>
            <gloss><q>осел</q></gloss></ref>. <bibl><author>Benveniste</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Benveniste._Etudes">Etudes</ref>
            <biblScope>140</biblScope>)</bibl> считает слово заимствованным (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">emprunt</q>), но не уточняет, откуда именно. Возводим к
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">x-ahraka-</w></mentioned> с протетическим
            <c>x-</c>, как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xom"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xaj"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xubeʒæstæ"/> и др. <mentioned xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang>Др.иран.</lang>
            <w type="rec">ahraka</w></mentioned> закономерно дало <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>æjræg</w></mentioned> (с утратой <c>h</c> и появлением <c>j</c> перед сонантом,
          как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sæjrag"><w>sæjrag</w>
          </ref> от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sær"><w>sær</w></ref> и т. п.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
            <biblScope>§ 198</biblScope><hi>₃</hi></bibl>). Ср. <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <w>aŋra-</w></mentioned></mentioned> (<mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>-ahra-</w></mentioned>) <gloss><q>злой</q>, <q>враг</q></gloss>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>aŋrō mainyu-</w>
            <gloss><q>злой дух</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>Ahreman</w>
            <gloss><q>злой дух</q>, <q>Ариман</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/>
                <biblScope>104—105</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MacKenzie"/>
                <biblScope>7</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Нет надобности видеть здесь
          какой-то отзвук маздеизма у осетин; слово относится к дозороастрийскому лексическому
          фонду. К демонологической лексике осетинского языка относятся еще: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævdīw"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjyg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dælīmon"><w>dælimon</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_iblis"/>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sajtan"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zin"/>. Из них
          первые три относятся к иранскому наследию, остальные идут из арабского и вошли в язык
          вместе с исламом. Употребительны были также эвфемистические наименования черта: <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>ænæzæǧinag</w>
            <gloss><q>неназываемый</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>sajægoj</w>
            <gloss><q>обманщик</q></gloss></mentioned>. См. еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæjræǵǵyn"/>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en"><quote><bibl>Ws. <author>Miller</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OÈ</ref>
              <biblScope>II 73</biblScope>)</bibl> remarks: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">May be
              related to <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                <w>hᵛairi-</w>
                <gloss><q>reprobation</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang>Sanskrit</lang>
                    <w>svar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>svarati</w></mentioned>
                  <gloss><q>to torment</q></gloss></mentioned> or <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>svar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>svṛṇati</w></mentioned>
                  <gloss><q>to wound</q></gloss></mentioned></mentioned> (?)</q></quote>. If it were
          so, we would expect <w type="rec" xml:lang="os-x-iron">xæræg</w><w type="rec" xml:lang="os-x-digor">xwæræg</w> instead of <oRef/>; cf. from the verb <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">hvar-</w>
            <gloss><q>to torment</q></gloss></mentioned> Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æfxæryn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">æf-xæryn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">æf-xwærun</w>
            <gloss><q>offend</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>æf-xæræg</w></mentioned> | <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>æf-xwæræg</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>offender</q> etc.</gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИЭС_I"/>
                <biblScope>117—118</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.
              <bibl><author>Akhvlediani</author> (<biblScope>Sbornik 201</biblScope>)</bibl>
          compared this word to с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæræg"><w>xæræg</w>
            <gloss><q>donkey</q></gloss></ref>. <bibl><author>Benveniste</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Benveniste._Etudes">Etudes</ref>
            <biblScope>140</biblScope>)</bibl> believes it to be a loanword (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">emprunt</q>), but does not specify from where. We
          reconstruct it as <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">x-ahraka-</w></mentioned> with
          prothetic <c>x-</c>, as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xom"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xaj"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xubeʒæstæ"/> etc. <mentioned xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">ahraka</w></mentioned> regularly produced <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>æjræg</w></mentioned> (with loss of <c>h</c> and development of <c>j</c> before
          the sonant, as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sæjrag"><w>sæjrag</w>
          </ref> from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sær"><w>sær</w></ref> etc.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
            <biblScope>§ 198</biblScope><hi>₃</hi></bibl>). Cf. <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <w>aŋra-</w></mentioned></mentioned> (<mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>-ahra-</w></mentioned>) <gloss><q>evil</q>, <q>enemy</q></gloss>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>aŋrō mainyu-</w>
            <gloss><q>evil spirit</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>Ahreman</w>
            <gloss><q>evil spirit</q>, <q>Ahriman</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/>
                <biblScope>104—105</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MacKenzie"/>
                <biblScope>7</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. There is no need to see here
          any remnant of Zoroastrianism among the Ossetians; the word beongs to the pre-Zoroastrian
          lexical stock. The demonological lexicon of Ossetic also includes: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævdīw"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjyg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dælīmon"><w>dælimon</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_iblis"/>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sajtan"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zin"/>. Of these
          the former three are inherited from Iranian, the rest come from Arabic and entered the
          language together with Islam. Euphemistic names for a demon were also in use: <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>ænæzæǧinag</w>
            <gloss><q>the unnamed</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>sajægoj</w>
            <gloss><q>the deceiver</q></gloss></mentioned>. See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæjræǵǵyn"/>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>