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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ʒyvyr</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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            <entry xml:id="entry_ʒyvyr" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d4869e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>ʒyvyr</orth><form xml:id="form_d4869e68" type="variant"><orth>ʒybyr</orth></form></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d4869e71" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ʒubur</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d4869e74"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                        <q>соха</q>
                    </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                        <q>wooden plough</q>
                    </abv:tr></sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d4869e84">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4869e86">
                        <quote>ʒyvyr sæ mijjag næ razyldaid — ḱysyl gæppæltæ wydysty</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>соха бы там не повернулась — (настолько это) были маленькие клочки
                                (пашни)</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the plough could not have turned there — so tiny were these patches
                                (of tillage)</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/><biblScope>95</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4869e105">
                        <quote>ragon adæm ʒyvyræj x˳ym kodtoj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>прежние (древние) люди пахали сохой</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>former (ancient) people used the wooden plow</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4869e120" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>xwænxag læg æ ʒuburi fæste cæwuj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>горец идет за своей сохой</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the highlander goes after his plough</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 42</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4869e142" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>cættæ kænuj xumæmæ alkedær æ ʒubur</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>каждый готовит к пахоте свою соху</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>each person prepares their plough for tillage</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/><biblScope>20</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4869e164" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>ʒubur ma asojnæj næbal æj næ kust</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>мы уже работаем не сохой и (примитивной) бороной</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>we do not use the plough and the (primitive) harrow anymore</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Qazb."/><biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">В азовском диалекте <hi rendition="#rend_bold">новогреческого</hi> языка имеется слово
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e248" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e189" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>cavura</w>
                        <gloss><q>плуг</q></gloss></mentioned>, которое трудно отделить от
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e256" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e197" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>ʒyvyr</w></mentioned>.<note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT NOTE HERE </note>
                    Наличие слова на территории Южной России, с одной стороны, и в осетинском, с
                    другой, позволяет думать о старом скифском наследии. — По звуковому типу
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ʒyvyr</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ʒybyr</hi> относится к группе слов (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kb</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tb</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">сb</hi>,
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kbr</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tbr</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cbr</hi>), означающих, по поляризации значений, то
                    ‘круглый’, ‘тупой’, ‘обрубленный’, то ‘выступающий’, ‘торчащий’, ‘острый’. Всю
                    эту группу весьма древних, по-видимому, слов мы рассматриваем подробнее под
                    словом <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tymbyl"/> ‘круглый’. Не случайно, быть
                    может, созвучие с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cybyr"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cubur</hi> ‘короткий’.
                    Исходное значение: „орудие с острым, торчащим концом“. Ср. семантику славянского
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">соха</hi>, означающего также ‘вилы’, ‘развилина’, ‘палка’ (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">по-cox</hi>).
                    Неудивительно, что в <hi rendition="#rend_bold">рутульском</hi> мы находим наше слово (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e269" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e210" xml:lang="rut"><lang/>
                        <w>ǯubur</w></mentioned>) со значением ‘рукоятка’, ‘ручка’, а также ‘хвост’.
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e274" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e215" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>puruc</w>
                        <gloss><q>соха</q></gloss></mentioned> представляет, возможно, перестановку
                    тех же элементов (*<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cu-pur</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">pur-uc</hi>). Ср. также <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e282" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e223" xml:lang="tab"><lang/>
                        <w>mučʼur</w>
                        <gloss><q>соха</q></gloss></mentioned> (← *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">č’umur</hi>?). Приведенные
                    кавказские слова могли возникнуть самостоятельно на основе „звуковой символики“.
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e290" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e231" xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
                        <w>sūpur</w>
                        <gloss><q>соха</q></gloss></mentioned> идёт от <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e298" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e239" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
                        <w>*spar-</w></mentioned> и сюда не относится.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">In the Azov dialect of <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Modern Greek</hi> we find the word
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e189" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e248" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>cavura</w>
                        <gloss><q>plough</q></gloss></mentioned>, which is hardly separable from
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e197" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e256" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>ʒyvyr</w></mentioned>.<note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT NOTE HERE </note>
                    The existence of the word in Southern Russia, on one hand, and in Ossetic, on
                    the other hand, makes us think about the ancient Scythian heritage. — In terms
                    of sound type <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ʒyvyr</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ʒybyr</hi> pertains to the group of words (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kb</hi> ||
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tb</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cb</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kbr</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tbr</hi> || <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cbr</hi>), which mean, according to
                    meaning polarization, either ‘round’, ‘blunt’, ‘cut off’, or ‘extrusive’,
                    ‘sticking out’, ‘sharp’. We take a closer look at this whole group of apparently
                    rather ancient words in the <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tymbyl"/> ‘round’
                    entry. It is possible that the similarity with <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cybyr"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cubur</hi> ‘short’. is not accidental. The original
                    meaning is “a tool with a sharp, extended edge”. See the semantics of the Slavic
                    word <hi rendition="#rend_italic">soxa</hi>, which also means ‘pitchfork’, ‘crotch’, ‘stick’ (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">po-sox</hi>). It
                    is not surpising that in <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Rutul</hi> we find our word (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e210" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e269" xml:lang="rut"><lang/>
                        <w>ǯubur</w></mentioned>) having the meaning ‘hilt’, ‘handle’, as well as
                    ‘tail’. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e215" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e274" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>puruc</w>
                        <gloss><q>plough</q></gloss></mentioned> may be an instance of metathesis of
                    the same elements (*<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cu-pur</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">pur-uc</hi>). Compare also <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e223" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e282" xml:lang="tab"><lang/>
                        <w>mučʼur</w>
                        <gloss><q>plough</q></gloss></mentioned> (← *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">č’umur</hi>?). The Caucasian
                    words listed above could have emerged independently on the bases of “sound
                    symbolism”. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e231" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e290" xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
                        <w>sūpur</w>
                        <gloss><q>plough</q></gloss></mentioned> comes from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4869e239" xml:id="mentioned_d4869e298" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
                        <w>*spar-</w></mentioned> and is not connected.</etym>
                <note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">Знакомством с этими материалами я обязан
                    любезности А. А. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Белецкого%s и Т. Н. %sЧернышевой</hi>.</note>
                <note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">I got acquainted with this material by
                    (the) courtesy of A. A. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Beleckij%s and T. N. %sChernysheva</hi>.</note>
            </entry>
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