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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærdyn</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_wærdyn" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d4942e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>wærdyn</orth><form type="participle"><orth>wærst</orth></form></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>wærdun</orth><form type="participle"><orth>wærst</orth></form></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d4942e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>валять</q>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (войлок, бурку, сукно)</note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (войлок, бурку, сукно)</note>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>to felt</q>
            <note type="comment"> (wool, cloak, cloth)</note>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">. Работа производилась женщинами путем катания войлока,
          сукна на земле локтями, была одной из наиболее тяжелых женских занятий; сопровождалась
          особой песней <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Onaj</q> (варианты см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
            <biblScope>II 334—338</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">. The work was performed by women through rolling
          <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231111T003325+0300" comment="войлок"?>wool<?oxy_comment_end ?>,
          cloth on the ground with their elbows, it was one of the hardest kinds of work performed
          by women; it was accompanied by the special song <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Onaj</q> (see variants in: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
            <biblScope>II 334—338</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æryncad næ wyd (sylgojmægtæn) tyn wafynæj,
              tyn <oRef>wærdynæj</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(женщины) без устали ткали сукна, валяли
                сукна</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(women) weaved cloth, felted cloth without
                rest</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1962 VII 66</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nymættæ arsy q˳ynæj <oRef>wærstoj</oRef>,
              ærkʼītæ sagʒarmæj x˳ydtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">бурки они валяли из медвежьей шерсти, (обувь)
                арчи шили из оленьей шкуры</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they felted the cloaks from bear wool, sewed
                the <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærḱʼī"><foreign>ærchi</foreign></ref> shoes from
                deer wool</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1958 III 17</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">onaj, jæ onaj, awærdūt <oRef>wærdǵytæ</oRef>,
              onaj, jæ onaj, ūsgūry nymæt ū</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">онай, эй онай, поваляйте, валяльщицы, онай, эй
                онай, (эта) бурка (предназначена) для жениха</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><foreign>onay, hey, onay</foreign>, felt, you
                felters, <foreign>onay, hey, onay</foreign>, (this) felt cloak (is destined) to the
                bridegroom</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
              <biblScope>II 335</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nimæt <oRef>wærduni</oRef> zar</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">песня валяния бурки</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">song of felting a cloak</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
              <biblScope>II 338</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">biccew, coqajagæj dæ bærgæ iværzton, fal mæ
              tunæ <oRef>wærdgæj</oRef> mælæti qæbær bawadæj æma din si ku necibal ærxawa omæj
              tærsun</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мальчик, я обещал тебе материал на черкеску, но
                мое сукно при валянии очень сильно село, и боюсь, что тебе из него ничего уже не
                достанется</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">boy, I promised you material, but my fabric has
                shrunk a lot during felting, and I am afraid that nothing will come to you from it
                now</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><biblScope xml:lang="ru">со слов Т.
                  <name>Бесаева</name></biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">from the words of T.
                  <name>Besaev</name></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru"><bibl><author>Benveniste</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Benveniste._Etudes">Études</ref>) <biblScope>46</biblScope></bibl>
          полагал, что основное значение глагола — <gloss><q>размягчать</q></gloss> (<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">rendre mou, souple, par pressions
          répétées</q></gloss>). Это неточно. В процессе валяния шерсть не размягчается, а
          уплотняется. Правильнее исходить из характерных для процесса катательных движений.
          Соответствующий по значению германский глагол, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>wealcan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>walken</w></mentioned> обозначает <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ein
                rollendes, walzendes Hin- und Herbewegen</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Kluge-Götze"/>
                <biblScope>668</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. А это при разъяснении ос.
          <oRef/> без натяжки приводит нас к хорошо известной базе <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">wart-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w>wert-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>вертеть</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вращать</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>катать</q></gloss></mentioned>. Приведем только некоторые соответствия:
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>gardīdan</w>
            <gloss><q>вращаться</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
            <w>wεrt-</w>
            <gloss><q>мешать белье при стирке</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                <biblScope>11 549</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_JA"/>
                <biblScope>1961, стр. 244<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">46</hi></biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">wart-</w>
            <note type="comment">в <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><w>prwrt-</w>
                <gloss><q>вращаться</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>varət-</w>
            <gloss><q>вращать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>vart-</w>, <w>vartati</w>
            <gloss><q>вращаться</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>vartayati</w>
            <gloss><q>приводить во вращательное движение</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>vratiti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>вертеть</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>vártýti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>vertere</w></mentioned> и пр. <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
              <biblScope>1156—1157</biblScope></bibl>)</note>. — Эта же база представлена в
          осетинском с различными превербами: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æwwærdyn"><w>æwwærdyn</w></ref>
          <note type="comment">(из <w type="rec">æm-wærdyn</w> ← <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ham-wart-</w></mentioned>)</note>
          <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231111T002704+0300" comment="не стал включать в ссылку т.к. она будет слишком длинной"?><gloss><q>мять</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>растирать</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>массировать</q> (например, лошадь, тренируя
            ее к скачкам)</gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nywærdyn"><w>nywærdyn</w>
            <note type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ni-wart-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>кутать</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læwærdun" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>læwærdun</w>
            <note type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>fra-wart-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>разворотить</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>разрывать</q></gloss></ref> (? <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СОПам."/>
            <biblScope>II 104</biblScope></bibl>). Ср. также производные <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wærdon"><w>wærdon</w>
            <gloss><q>арба</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wærdæx"><w>wærdæx</w>
            <gloss><q>скрученный прут</q></gloss></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>. </etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en"><bibl><author>Benveniste</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Benveniste._Etudes">Études</ref>) <biblScope>46</biblScope></bibl>
          believed that the main meanings of the verb is <gloss><q>soften</q></gloss> (<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">rendre mou, souple, par pressions
          répétées</q></gloss>). This is imprecise. In the process of felting the wool is not
          softened, but made more dense. It is more correct to consider the rolling movements
          characteristic for this process. The semantically corresponding Germanic verb,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>wealcan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>walken</w></mentioned> means <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ein
                rollendes, walzendes Hin- und Herbewegen</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Kluge-Götze"/>
                <biblScope>668</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. When explaining Ossetic
          <oRef/>, this leads us with no stretch to the well-known stem <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">wart-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w>wert-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>to turn</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>rotate</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>roll</q></gloss></mentioned>. Some of the correspondences are: <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>gardīdan</w>
            <gloss><q>rotate</q>
              (<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231111T004358+0300" comment="?"?>intr.<?oxy_comment_end ?>)</gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
            <w>wεrt-</w>
            <gloss><q>knead (in washing clothes)</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                <biblScope>11 549</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_JA"/>
                <biblScope>1961, p. 244<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">46</hi></biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">wart-</w>
            <note type="comment">in <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><w>prwrt-</w>
                <gloss><q>rotate</q>
                  (<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231111T004354+0300" comment="?"?>intr.<?oxy_comment_end ?>)</gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>varət-</w>
            <gloss><q>rotate</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>vart-</w>, <w>vartati</w>
            <gloss><q>rotate</q> (intr.)</gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>vartayati</w>
            <gloss><q>put into turning motion</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>vratiti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>vertetʼ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>vártýti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>vertere</w></mentioned> etc. <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
              <biblScope>1156—1157</biblScope></bibl>)</note>. — The same base is represented in
          Ossetic with various preverbs: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æwwærdyn"><w>æwwærdyn</w></ref>
          <note type="comment">(from <w type="rec">æm-wærdyn</w> ← <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ham-wart-</w></mentioned>)</note>
          <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231111T002704+0300" comment="не стал включать в ссылку т.к. она будет слишком длинной"?><gloss><q>rumple</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>griend</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>massage</q> (e.g. a horse, when training it
            for racing)</gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nywærdyn"><w>nywærdyn</w>
            <note type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ni-wart-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>wrap</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læwærdun" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>læwærdun</w>
            <note type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>fra-wart-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>turn upside down</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>to tear</q></gloss></ref> (?
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СОПам."/>
            <biblScope>II 104</biblScope></bibl>). Cf. also derivates <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wærdon"><w>wærdon</w>
            <gloss><q>cart</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wærdæx"><w>wærdæx</w>
            <gloss><q>twisted twig</q></gloss></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>. </etym>
      </entry>
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