<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fændyr</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
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    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_fændyr" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d4724e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>fændyr</orth></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d4724e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>fændur</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d4724e72"><def xml:lang="ru">название различных музыкальных инструментов</def><def xml:lang="en">name of various musical instruments</def></sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d4724e78">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4724e80">
                        <quote>fændyr yskʼaxta bærz byzyḱʼījæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>он выдолбил фандыр из наплыва березы</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>he carved a fandyr out of a birch excrescence</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>48</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4724e99">
                        <quote>arvmæ k˳y q˳ysid mæ fændyry qazt…</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>если бы игра моего фандыра достигала неба…</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>if only my fandyr's play reached the sky …</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>12</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4724e118" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>Acæmæzaw din æz ku festinæ dessag fændurgin</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>о, если бы я стала подобно (Нарту) Ацамазу обладательницей чудесного
                                фандура</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>oh, if I became like Atsamaz (the Nart) the owner of a wonderful
                                fandyr</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/><biblScope>28</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4724e140" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>ku ʽrbadtæj læqwæn kʼelabæl, wæd imæ æ xwæræ fændur ravardta: „amæj
                            racæǧdæ” zæǧgæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>когда юноша сел на скамью, сестра подала ему фандур, говоря: «поиграй
                                на нем»</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>when the young man sat down on the bench, his sister handed him a
                                fandyr, saying: "play on it"</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/><biblScope>17%l4–5%l</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4724e162">
                        <quote>fændyr-wadynʒ… agūræg xætyn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>я скитаюсь в поисках фандыр-свирели</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>I wander in search of a fandyr-pipe</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/><biblScope>IV
                            92</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Культурное слово, представляющее значительный исторический
                    интерес. Свидетельствуется у греческих авторов со II в. н. э.: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e323" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e184" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>πανδούρα</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru"> (Athenaeus)</note>
                        <gloss><q>трехструнный музыкальный инструмент, тип
                        лютни</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e333" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e194" xml:lang="grc"><w>πάνδουρος</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">
                            (Athenaeus)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e338" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e199" xml:lang="grc"><w>φάνδουρος</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru"> (Nicomachus
                            Gerasenus. Harmonicum Enchiridium 4)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e343" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e204" xml:lang="grc"><w>πανδούριον
                            πανδούρίς</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru"> (Hesychius)</note></mentioned> . Считают,
                    что слово идет из Малой Азии, из лидийского языка (<bibl><biblScope xml:lang="ru">de Lagarde. Gesammelte Abhandlungen. 1866, стр.
                            274</biblScope></bibl>). Через греческий прошло в
                    некоторые европейские языки: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e354" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e214" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
                        <w>pandura</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e359" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e219" xml:lang="it"><lang/>
                        <w>pandora, mandora</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e364" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e224" xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
                        <w>mandore</w></mentioned> (откуда в дальнейшем <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e369" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e229" xml:lang="it"><lang/>
                        <w>mandolina</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e374" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e234" xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
                        <w>mandoline</w></mentioned>). На север от Малой Азии область
                    распространения слова охватывает Кавказ и южную Россию. Помимо ос. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fændyr</hi>,
                    ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e379" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e239" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>pandir</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e385" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e245" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>panduri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e390" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e250" xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
                        <w>pandvir</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e395" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e255" xml:lang="bbl"><lang/>
                        <w>pandur</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e400" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e260" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>pondur</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e405" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e265" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>pondær</w></mentioned>. Сюда же <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e410" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e270" xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
                        <w>бандура</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e416" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e276" xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
                        <w>bandura</w></mentioned>. Для датировки бытования слова в осетинском
                    существенное значение имеет начальный <hi rendition="#rend_italic">f</hi>. Закон перехода <hi rendition="#rend_italic">p</hi>→<hi rendition="#rend_italic">f</hi> перестал
                    действовать в осетинском весьма давно; такие старые слова, как <ref type="xr" target="#entry_padcax"/> ‘царь’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_pyl"/>
                    ‘слон’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_pajda"/> ‘польза’ и др., вошедшие в
                    осетинский через посредство кавказских языков, сохраняют <hi rendition="#rend_italic">p</hi>. Поэтому мало
                    вероятно, что <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fændyr</hi> усвоено из кавказских языков. Вероятнее относить его
                    еще к до-кавказскому, т. е. скифо-сарматскому периоду истории осетин, когда был
                    в полной силе закон <hi rendition="#rend_italic">p</hi>→<hi rendition="#rend_italic">f</hi>. Предполагаемое существование слова в скифском
                    пролило бы свет и на укр. и пол. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">бандуру</hi>. Считать последнее слово усвоенным
                    из итальянского (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miklosich"/></bibl>,
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Berneker"/></bibl>) вряд ли
                    основательно: где посредствующие звенья?%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/><biblScope>133</biblScope></bibl>;
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/><biblScope>395</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>10</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Schrader"/><biblScope>II
                            82</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Sköld.
                            <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Lehworstudien.</hi></author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_LUÅ"/><biblScope>1923 XIX 7</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>68</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">A cultural word of significant historical interest. Attested by
                    Greek authors from the 2nd century A.D.: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e184" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e323" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>πανδούρα</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (Athenaeus)</note>
                        <gloss><q>three-stringed musical instrument, lute
                        type</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e194" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e333" xml:lang="grc"><w>πάνδουρος</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">
                        (Athenaeus)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e199" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e338" xml:lang="grc"><w>φάνδουρος</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (Nicomachus Gerasenus. Harmonicum Enchiridium
                        4)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e204" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e343" xml:lang="grc"><w>πανδούριον
                            πανδούρίς</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (Hesychius)</note></mentioned>. It is
                    believed that the word comes from Asia Minor, from the Lydian language
                            (<bibl><author>de Lagarde.</author><biblScope xml:lang="en">Gesammelte Abhandlungen. 1866, p. 274</biblScope></bibl>). Through
                    Greek, it passed into several European languages: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e214" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e354" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
                        <w>pandura</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e219" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e359" xml:lang="it"><lang/>
                        <w>pandora, mandora</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e224" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e364" xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
                        <w>mandore</w></mentioned> (from which later there appeared <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e229" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e369" xml:lang="it"><lang/>
                        <w>mandolina</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e234" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e374" xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
                        <w>mandoline</w></mentioned>). To the north of Asia Minor, the area of
                    distribution of the word covers the Caucasus and southern Russia. Besides
                    Ossetic <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fændyr</hi>, cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e239" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e379" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>pandir</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e245" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e385" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>panduri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e250" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e390" xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
                        <w>pandvir</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e255" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e395" xml:lang="bbl"><lang/>
                        <w>pandur</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e260" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e400" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>pondur</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e265" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e405" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>pondær</w></mentioned>. The words <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e270" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e410" xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
                        <w>bandura</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4724e276" xml:id="mentioned_d4724e416" xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
                        <w>bandura</w></mentioned> are related to it as well. The initial <hi rendition="#rend_italic">f</hi> is
                    essential for dating of the existence of this word in Ossetic. The law of change
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">p</hi>→<hi rendition="#rend_italic">f</hi> stopped working in Ossetic a long time ago; old words like <ref type="xr" target="#entry_padcax"/> ‘tsar’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_pyl"/> ‘elephant’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_pajda"/>
                    ‘benefit’ etc., which entered Ossetic via Caucasian languages, start with <hi rendition="#rend_italic">p</hi>.
                    That is why it is improbable that <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fændyr</hi> was acquired from Caucasian
                    languages. It is more likely to attribute it to the pre-Caucasian, i.e.,
                    Scythian-Sarmatian period of the history of the Ossetians, when the law
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">p</hi>→<hi rendition="#rend_italic">f</hi> was in full force. The supposed existence of the word in Scythian
                    would shed light on Ukranian and Polish <hi rendition="#rend_italic">бандура</hi>. It is hardly reasonable to
                    regard the last word as learned from Italian (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miklosich"/></bibl>, <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Berneker"/></bibl>): where are the intermediary
                            links?%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/><biblScope>133</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/><biblScope>395</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>10</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Schrader"/><biblScope>II 82</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><author>Sköld. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Lehworstudien.</hi></author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_LUÅ"/><biblScope>1923 XIX 7</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>68</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
            </entry>
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