<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">sqæl</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_sqæl" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d2744e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>sqæl</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>(æ)sqæl</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d2744e69" n="1">
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(о человеке)</note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(of a human)</note>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>держащийся прямо</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>standing straight</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>не сгибающий спины</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>not bending the back</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>задравший голову</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>leaning head back</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>спесивый</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>arrogant</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>имеющий надменную осанку</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>having an arrogant posture</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ybyr"><w>g˳ybyr</w>
              <q>согбенный</q></ref>; </note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; ant. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ybyr"><w>g˳ybyr</w>
              <q>bent</q></ref>; </note>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>sqælʒyrd</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">надменный, чванный в речах</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">arrogant, conceited in speeches</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
          </re>
        </sense>
        <sense n="2">
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>торчащий вверх</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>sticking up</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>загнутый вверх</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>bent up</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>вздернутый</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>turned-up</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" n="1">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæ rīxītæ azdyxta æmæ <oRef>sqælæj</oRef>
              barast ī æmbyrdmæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он покрутил усы и, держась прямо, пошел на
                собрание</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he twirled his moustache and, holding himself
                straight, went to the meeting</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæ kʼūx awyǧta Alæf jæ fydy ʒyrdtyl æmæ
                <oRef>særysqælæj</oRef> īnnærdæm azdæxtī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">махнул рукой Алаф на слова своего отца и,
                задрав голову, повернулся в другую сторону</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Alæf waved his hand at his father’s words and,
                holding his head up, turned in the other direction</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
              <biblScope>215</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mæg˳yr lægmæ <oRef>sqælʒyrd</oRef>,
              ænæbarvæsson</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">с бедным человеком он говорит спесиво,
                пренебрежительно</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he speaks arrogantly, disdainfully to the poor
                man</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>61</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" n="2">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>sqælfynʒ</oRef> qama</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">кинжал с загнутым вверх концом</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a dagger with a bent up end</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæxīcæn nyssaʒy <oRef>sqælfynʒ</oRef>
              cævæg</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он насаживает себе косу с загнутым вверх
                концом</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he puts a scythe with the end that is bent
                up</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>56</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sqæl saw rīxī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">торчащий вверх черный ус</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a sticking up black moustache</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1956 V 4</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dast <oRef>sqælrīxī</oRef> læg</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">бритый с торчащими вверх усами мужчина</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a shaved man with a mustache sticking up</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>78</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">saw cybyr ælvyd zaḱʼetæ æmæ <oRef>sqæl</oRef>
              rīxītæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">черная, коротко подстриженная борода и торчащие
                вверх усы</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a black, close-cropped beard and a mustache
                sticking up</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Относим к индоевропейской базе <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">skel-</w>
            <gloss><q>твердый</q>, <q>жесткий</q>, <q>не гнущийся</q></gloss> и пр. <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
                <biblScope>927</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Для <c>q</c> вместо
          ожидаемого <c>k</c> ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sqawyn"/> рядом со <ref type="xr" target="#entry_skʼawyn"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sqīwyn"/> из
            <?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230205T121659+0300" comment="иран?"?><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">skīw</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_asqod"><w>asqod</w>
            <q>тайный</q></ref> при <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>skodi</w></mentioned> и др. Наиболее показательны для нас греческие факты: <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>περι-σκελής</w>
            <gloss><q>жесткий</q>, <q>твердый</q>, <q>упрямый</q></gloss>, <w>σκληρός</w>
            <gloss><q>сухой</q>, <q>твердый</q>, <q>не гнущийся</q>, <q>упрямый</q>,
                <q>своенравный</q></gloss>, <w>σκελετός</w>
            <gloss><q>костяк</q>, <q>скелет</q></gloss></mentioned>. Данная этимология предполагает
          для <oRef/> исходное значение <q>не гнущийся</q>, <q>жесткий</q>. Любопытно параллельное
          развитие переносных значений: в греческом <q>не гнущийся</q> → <q>упрямый</q>,
            <q>своенравный</q>, в осетинском <q>не гнущийся</q> → <q>надменный</q>, <q>спесивый</q>.
          Сюда же, возможно, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>skālśa</w>
            <gloss><q>спесь</q></gloss>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(<gloss><q>Hochmut</q></gloss>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Leumann"/></bibl>)</note>, <w>şkālśu</w>
            <gloss><q>pride</q></gloss>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">[<bibl><author>Ваiley</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT">KhT</ref>
                <biblScope>VI 348</biblScope>)</bibl> связывает с <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
                <w>skalsùs</w>
                <gloss><q>обильный</q>, <q>надолго хватающий</q>,
                <q>экономный</q></gloss></mentioned>]</note></mentioned>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">We refer this word to the Indo-European stem <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">skel-</w>
            <gloss><q>hard</q>, <q>rigid</q>, <q>inflexible</q></gloss> etc. <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
                <biblScope>927</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. For <c>q</c> instead of the
          expected <c>k</c> cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sqawyn"/> while having <ref type="xr" target="#entry_skʼawyn"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sqīwyn"/> form
            <?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230205T121659+0300" comment="иран?"?><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">skīw</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_asqod"><w>asqod</w>
            <q>secret</q></ref> while having <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>skodi</w></mentioned> etc. The most revealing for us are the Greek facts: <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>περι-σκελής</w>
            <gloss><q>rigid</q>, <q>hard</q>, <q>stubborn</q></gloss>, <w>σκληρός</w>
            <gloss><q>dry</q>, <q>hard</q>, <q>inflexible</q>, <q>stubborn</q>,
              <q>headstrong</q></gloss>, <w>σκελετός</w>
            <gloss><q>backbone</q>, <q>skeleton</q></gloss></mentioned>. This etymology assumes for
          the <oRef/> to have an initial meaning <q>inflexible</q>, <q>rigid</q>. The parallel
          development of figurative meanings is curious: in Greek <q>inflexible</q> →
            <q>stubborn</q>, <q>headstrong</q>, in Ossetic <q>inflexible</q> → <q>arrogant</q>,
            <q>haughty</q>. Probably, also here, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>skālśa</w>
            <gloss><q>arrogance</q></gloss>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(<gloss><q>Hochmut</q></gloss>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Leumann"/></bibl>)</note>, <w>şkālśu</w>
            <gloss><q>pride</q></gloss>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">[<bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT">KhT</ref>
                <biblScope>VI 348</biblScope>)</bibl> connects the word with <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
                <w>skalsùs</w>
                <gloss><q>abundant</q>,
                    <?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230205T123526+0300" comment="? экономный"?><q>thrifty</q><?oxy_comment_end ?></gloss></mentioned>]</note></mentioned>.</etym>
      </entry>
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