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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tymbyl</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_tymbyl" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d1972e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>tymbyl</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>tumbul</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d1972e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>круглый</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>round</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>круглая масса чего-либо</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>round mass of something</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tymbyl<ref type="xr" target="#entry_dūr"/></orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">булыжник</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">cobblestone</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tymbyl<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼūx"/></orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">кулак</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fist</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tymbylcʼægæj (gæpp kænyn)</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(прыгать) свернувшись в клубок, без разбега</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(jump) curled up into a ball, without
                running</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>fætymbyl wyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свернуться</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">curl up</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>упасть замертво</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>drop dead</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (о подстреленной дичи и т. п.)</note>
              <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (about shot
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185131+0300" comment="? вроде так в словаре"?>game<?oxy_comment_end ?>,
                etc.)</note>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>ratymbyl kænyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">собрав в кучу, захватить, погнать (добычу,
                скот)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">gathering in a heap, capture, drive (prey,
                livestock)</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (ср. <phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_tyg0yr">ratyg˳yr</ref> kænyn</phr>)</note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (cf. <phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_tyg0yr">ratyg˳yr</ref> kænyn</phr>)</note>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>ærbatymbyl kænyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свернуть</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">roll up</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>взять в охапку</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>take in an armful</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tymbyl kaft</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">круговой танец</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">round dance</q>
            </tr>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (лезгинка)</note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">
              (<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185222+0300" comment="?"?>lezginka<?oxy_comment_end ?>)</note>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ærtæ ævsymæry... sæ fydy byn bajwærstoj æmæ
              ma se ʽxsæny īw <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> fyng warīnag wyd</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">три брата разделили наследство отца, и осталось
                им разделить один круглый стол</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">three brothers divided the inheritance of their
                father, and it remains for them to share one round table</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>116</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nyr dær læwwy cyma mæ cūry
                <oRef>tymbylʒæskom</oRef> læppū</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">как сейчас стоит будто возле меня круглолицый
                юноша</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a chubby young man seems to be standing next to
                me
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185337+0300" comment="?? что за как сейчас"?>like
                now<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1956 XII 14</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>tymbyl</oRef> aldymbyd aræztoj ærtæ
              æng˳ylʒy færcy, tʼæpæn aldymbyd ta fonʒ æng˳ylʒy færcy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">круглую тесьму плели тремя пальцами, а плоскую
                тесьму — пятью пальцами</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">round braid was woven with three fingers, and
                flat braid was woven with five fingers</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1971 VI 79</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Xsærtæg jæ dymǵytæ <oRef>ærbatymbyl</oRef>
              kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Хсартаг подобрал свои полы</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Hsærtæg picked up his
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185431+0300" comment="полы??"?>flaps<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
              <biblScope>14</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Badīlatæn sæ ʒawmatæ <oRef>ratymbyl</oRef>
              kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он сгреб оружие Бадиловых</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he grabbed the weapons of the Badilovs</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 102</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Teǯia ūsy jæ qæbysy <oRef>ærbatymbyl</oRef>
              kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Теджиа сгреб женщину в объятия</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tedzia grabbed the woman in his arms</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dælfædtæm <oRef>batymbyl</oRef> k˳yʒ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">у ног свернулся пес</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the dog curled up at
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185513+0300" comment="?"?>his<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                feet</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Niger"/>
              <biblScope>68</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kærʒyngænæg xyssæjæ raskʼ˳yny kærʒynxor,
                <oRef>atymbyl</oRef> æj kæny arynǵy; nyr ūj xyssæ nal xwiny, fælæ —
                <oRef>tymbyl</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">пекущая хлеб отрывает от теста сколько нужно на
                (один) хлеб, скатывает его комом в корыте; теперь это называется уже не тестом, а
                  <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> (комом)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the baker of bread tears off the dough as much
                as is needed for (one) loaf, rolls it into a lump in a trough; now it is no longer
                called dough, <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185629+0300" comment="?"?>but<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> (a lump)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1969 I 80</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">saw mīgty <oRef>tymbyltæ</oRef> xoxæj xoxmæ
              līwyrdtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">клубы черных туч неслись с горы на гору</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">black
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185701+0300" comment="клубы?"?>clouds<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                were rushing from mountain to mountain</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>22</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Axmæty gærax acydī, æmæ asaulitæj īw
              asqīwdta, qama felvæsta, æmæ dykkag <oRef>fætymbyl</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">раздался выстрел Ахмата, и один из есаулов
                прянул (подстреленный), (Ахмат) выхватил кинжал, — и второй упал замертво
                («свернулся»)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Akhmat’s shot rang out, and one of the
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185829+0300" comment="или Yesauls?"?>captains<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                jumped
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T185849+0300" comment="прянул??"?>back<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                (shot), (Akhmat) pulled out a dagger, and the second one fell dead (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">curled up</q>)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>63</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wærcc <oRef>fætymbyl</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">перепелка упала (подстреленная)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a quail fell (shot down)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>119</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ku bafsæduncæ, wæd samajuncæ
                <oRef>tumbul</oRef> fingæbæl kʼærcc ængulʒæxtæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">когда они насыщаются, то устраивают на круглом
                столе звучный пляс на носках</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">when they are
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T190011+0300" comment="или full?"?>satiated<?oxy_comment_end ?>,
                they arrange a resounding dance on their toes on a round table</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
              <biblScope>62<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">338–339</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ku ma iskodta <oRef>tumbul</oRef> tox
              wæddær</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он все же вступил в кучный («круглый») бой</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he still got into a heap (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">round</q>) fight</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1934 III–IV 84</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Можно, казалось бы, сопоставить с <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <note type="comment">(анат.)</note>
            <w>tümbül</w>
            <gloss><q>толстый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>круглый</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1604</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> и признать заимствованием
          из тюркского.<note type="footnote"><bibl><author>Вс. Миллер</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
              <biblScope>II 112</biblScope>)</bibl> сравнивает <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
              <w>təmməl</w>
              <gloss><q>круглое тесто</q></gloss></mentioned>.</note> Однако такое решение было бы
          поспешным. Ос. <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> не стоит в языке изолированно. Оно входит в обширную
          группу звукоизобразительных слов (идеофонов),<note type="footnote">Термин «идеофоны» для
            особого разряда «изобразительных» слов принят исследователями африканских языков, где
            звуковая символика имеет широкое распространение. Идеофоны возникают из потребности
            передать в звуковом образе (Lautbild) непосредственное впечатление от предмета или
            действия. Идеофоны отличны от звукоподражаний; они «изображают» не звуки, а внешний вид,
            форму, движение и пр.</note> в которых определенный круг значений («круглое»,
          «выпуклое», «вздутое», «выступающее», «торчащее» и т. п.) выражается определенными
          звуковыми комплексами — либо двухсогласными типа <c>KP</c>, <c>TP</c>, <c>CP</c>,<note type="footnote">В других случаях «круглое», «пухлое» и т. п. символизируется словами
            типа <c>PP</c>, <c>BB</c>.</note> либо трехсогласными типа <c>KPL</c>, <c>TPL</c>,
            <c>CPL</c>, <c>KPR</c>, <c>TPR</c>, <c>CPR</c>, <c>KPN</c>, <c>TPN</c>, <c>CPN</c> и т.
          п. (третьим согласным чаще бывают <c>l</c>, <c>r</c>, <c>n</c>, но также <c>s</c>,
            <c>t</c> и др.). В качестве начального согласного охотно используются смычногортанные
            <c>kʼ</c>, <c>cʼ</c> как более «экспрессивные». Гласный корня обычно <c>u</c>, <c>o</c>,
          иногда <c>a</c>, реже <c>e</c>, в единичных случаях <c>i</c>. Подобные идеофоны отмечаются
          в самых различных языках, не связанных ни генетическим родством, ни ареальными контактами.
          Ниже приводятся относящиеся сюда осетинские слова; в прямых скобках даются некоторые
          созвучные идеофоны из других языков. — Тип <c>KP</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼopp"><w>kʼopp</w>
            <gloss><q>деревянная чаша</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼoppa"><w>kʼoppa</w>
            <gloss><q>головка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gopp"><w>gopp</w>
            <gloss><q>хохолок</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>лука седла</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T134855+0300" comment="NB нет в словаре"?><w>gobæ</w><?oxy_comment_end ?>
            <gloss><q>безрогий</q></gloss></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ypp"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ypp</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼupp</w>
            <gloss><q>холмик</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>бугор</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ypa"><w>kʼ˳ypa</w>
            <gloss><q>почка</q>
              <note type="comment">(у растений)</note></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼæpo" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>cʼæpo</w>
            <gloss><q>кисть</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>cuppa</w>
            <gloss><q>бочка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="it"><lang/>
            <w>coppa</w>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fro"><lang/>
            <w>cope</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>cappa</w>
            <gloss><q>шапка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
              <w>cap</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="es"><lang/>
              <w>cabo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>cape</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>мыс</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ga"><lang/>
            <w>gop</w>
            <gloss><q>клюв</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="nl"><lang/>
              <w>kopp</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>cup</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><w>cob</w>
            <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></mentioned> и пр., <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>cop</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Kopf</w>
            <gloss><q>голова</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><w>Kaupe</w>
            <gloss><q>хохолок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><w>Koppe</w>,
              <w>Kuppe</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>káupas</w>
            <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kúopa</w>
            <gloss><q>масса</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>купа</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>kãpas</w>
            <gloss><q>могила</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kopa</w>
            <gloss><q>дюна</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>копа</w>
            <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>куб</w>,
              <w>кубок</w>, <w>кубышка</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kumbhas</w>
            <gloss><q>горшок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύμβη</w>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>köb</w>
            <gloss><q>пузатый сосуд</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>kub</w>,
              <w>kup</w>
            <gloss><q>кувшин</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kwabi</w>
            <gloss><q>котел</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>kʼubo</w>
            <gloss><q>гроб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>kʼopa</w>
            <gloss><q>мера зерна</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>kübi</w>
            <gloss><q>бочка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύβη</w>
            <gloss><q>голова</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><w>κύβος</w>
            <gloss><q>игральная кость</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>gomba</w>
            <gloss><q>гриб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><w>gomb</w>
            <gloss><q>пуговица</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cv"><lang/>
            <w>kǎmpa</w>
            <gloss><q>гриб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">gomba</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>губа</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>гриб</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>губа</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kumba-</w>
            <gloss><q>утолщение кости</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вид женской
            прически</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>gum̃bas</w>
            <gloss><q>возвышение</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>нарост</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="it"><lang/>
            <w>gobba</w>
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="et"><lang/>
            <w>kopp</w>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
            <w>kumpu</w>
            <gloss><q>холм</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>koppa</w>
            <gloss><q>короб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kuppa</w>
            <gloss><q>пузырь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupo</w>
            <gloss><q>сноп</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kuppi</w>
            <gloss><q>чашка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupu</w>
            <gloss><q>зоб</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кочан</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
            <w>kobə</w>
            <gloss><q>ковш</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qopa</w>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>бокал</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>kübä</w>
            <gloss><q>выпуклый</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
            <w>kūb</w>
            <gloss><q>кувшин</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kambu-</w>
            <gloss><q>раковина</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>quba</w>
            <gloss><q>купол</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hbo"><lang/>
            <w>köba</w>
            <gloss><q>шлем</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
              <w>kʼopʼe</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
              <w>kʼob</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>ковш</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼi</w>
            <gloss><q>шишка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>волдырь</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa-x-dial"><lang/>
              <w>kup</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
              <w>kaufa</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>гора</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sgh-x-oroshori"><lang/>
              <w>kup</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>kūb</w>, <w>kwab</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип <c>TP</c>, <c>CP</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼūpp"><w>cʼūpp</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼopp" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>cʼopp</w>
            <gloss><q>шерсть</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>верх</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>čʼobi</w>
            <gloss><q>волос</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>čʼopʼi</w>
            <gloss><q>высокая шапка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><phr>čʼopʼiani
              kudi</phr>
            <note type="comment">= <mentioned xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                <phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼūpp"><w><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T145422+0300" comment="прям č? на что хреф?" id="wpl_qfl_rwb"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T033525+0300" parentID="wpl_qfl_rwb" comment="действительно странно č, в словаре ц (цупп)" mid="12"?>čʼūpp<?oxy_comment_end mid="12"?><?oxy_comment_end ?>-</w></ref><ref type="xr" target="#entry_xūd"/></phr></mentioned></note>
            <gloss><q>шапка с острым верхом</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ru" extralang="uk"><lang/>
              <w>чуб</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs"><lang/>
              <w>čub</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
              <w>czub</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>хохол</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>чепец</w>, <w>чоп</w>
            <gloss><q>затычка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>втулка</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
              <w>czop</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
              <w>csap</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>tap</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Zapf</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>затычка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>втулка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>top</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Topp</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка мачты</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><w>Zopf</w>
            <gloss><q>коса</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>волосы</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>tʼup</w>
            <gloss><q>шкура</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>tʼub</w>
            <gloss><q>палец</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>čöp</w>
            <gloss><q>щепка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>косточка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>top</w>
            <gloss><q>шар</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ядро</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>tömb</w>
            <gloss><q>кабан</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>глыба</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
              <w>top</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
              <w>tūp</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
              <w>top</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>кипа</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>рулон</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>пачка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>tuba</w>
            <gloss><q>труба</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tup</w>
            <gloss><q>хвост</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>töbe</w>,
              <w>tepe</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>холм</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>tap</w>
            <gloss><q>щепка</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип <c>KPL</c>, <c>TPL</c>, <c>CPL</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ymbyl"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ymbyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>свекла</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ymbyl"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ymbyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>шарообразная масса свежего сыра</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ymbyl"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ymbyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">qumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>шар</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>нитяной шарик для украшения башлыка, платья,
                оружия</q></gloss></ref>, <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> | <oRef>tumbul</oRef>
          <q>круглый</q>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qambul"><w>qambūl</w>
            <gloss><q>выпуклый</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qabolæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>qabolæ</w>, <phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_sær">særi</ref> qabolæ</phr>
            <gloss><q>череп</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼūbal"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼubal</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼobalæ</w>
            <gloss><q>шея</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>голова</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>головка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ymbīl"><w>kʼ˳ymbīl</w>
            <gloss><q>шерсть</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ybyloj"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ybyloj</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼubulojnæ</w>
            <gloss><q>клубок</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tubulon" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>tubulon</w>
            <gloss><q>круглый</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tubulojnæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>tubulojnæ</w>
            <gloss><q>круглая корзина для муки</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱʼybyla"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">ḱʼybyla</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼibila</w>
            <gloss><q>ушат</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кадушка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbæl"><w>kʼæbæl</w>
            <gloss><q>втулка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>затычка</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>катушка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæppæl"><w>gæppæl</w>
            <gloss><q>клочок</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кусок</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>лоскут</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qæppæl" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>qæppæl</w>
            <gloss><q>одежда</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tæppal"><w>tæppal</w>
            <gloss><q>волдырь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>мозоль</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæppolæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>xæppolæ</w>
            <gloss><q>надутый</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæpyloj"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">xæpyloj</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">xæppil</w>
            <gloss><q>волдырь</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cūpal"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">cūpal</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">copalæ</w>
            <gloss><q>гроздь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кисть</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼupxali</w>
            <gloss><q>гроздь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>kʼmbilai</w>
            <gloss><q>пуговка из канители на женском платье</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lzz"><lang/>
            <w>kʼumbi</w>
            <gloss><q>пуговка из канители на женском платье</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼuli</w>
            <gloss><q>седельная лука</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>шишка на рукояти
            пистолета</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
            <w>tüppalg</w>
            <gloss><q>катушка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>мяч</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>čopilg</w>
            <gloss><q>пуговица</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><w>kʼopilg</w>
            <gloss><q>коробка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼali</w>
            <gloss><q>'серебряные кругляшки на поясе</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
            <w>tupəl</w>
            <gloss><q>клубок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>tupʼal</w>
            <gloss><q>перстень</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qombul</w>
            <gloss><q>шаровидная пуговица</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>клубок</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>пучок</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кисть</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>пуговка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qambyl</w>
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>tümbül</w>
            <gloss><q>толстый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>круглый</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>tombalak</w>, <w>topalak</w>, <w>tomalak</w>
            <gloss><q>круглый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>шарообразный</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>t<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T150928+0300" comment="эта буква?" id="wrh_1gl_rwb"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T033818+0300" parentID="wrh_1gl_rwb" comment="на вид да, хотя обычно у Абаева с нижним подчёркиванием. Надо проверить" mid="14"?>ḥ<?oxy_comment_end mid="14"?><?oxy_comment_end ?>ämbəl</w>
            <gloss><q>pulmo</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tāval</w>
            <gloss><q>волдырь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>kùbilas</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Kübel</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>чан</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύπελλον</w>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>кобел</w>
            <gloss><q>мера сыпучих тел</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs"><lang/>
            <w>kbel</w>
            <gloss><q>ушат</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ведро</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>gebal</w>
            <gloss><q>череп</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>голова</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Giebel</w>, <w>Gipfel</w>, <w>Zipfel</w>
            <gloss><q>верхушка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кончик</q></gloss></mentioned> и т. п. (с
          другими относящимися сюда германскими словами), <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κεφαλή</w>
            <gloss><q>голова</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kambala-</w>
            <gloss><q>шерстяное одеяло</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="brh"><lang/>
              <w>gappal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
              <w>gapal</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>кусок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="it"><lang/>
            <w>cupola</w></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Kuppel</w></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>купол</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>cuppula</w>
            <gloss><q>небольшая бочка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼombali</w>
            <gloss><q>дубина</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>coboli</w>
            <gloss><q>пробка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼal</w>
            <gloss><q>палица</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
            <w>kʼampəlä</w>
            <gloss><q>волчок</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>желудь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
            <w>qväbäl</w>
            <gloss><q>шишка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ha"><lang/>
            <w>kubul</w>
            <gloss><q>о круглом и маленьком предмете</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>cobble</w>
            <gloss><q>булыжник</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
            <w>kampela</w>
            <gloss><q>камбала</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(«круглая рыба»)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupla</w>
            <gloss><q>пузырь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupula</w>
            <gloss><q>шишка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>koppelo</w>,
              <w>kopano</w>, <w>kope</w>
            <gloss><q>полый предмет</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>гомола</w>
            <gloss><q>ком</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sh"><lang/>
            <w>gomolja</w>
            <note type="comment">= ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ymbyl" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>gumbul</w></ref></note>
            <gloss><q>ком свежего сыра</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>комолый</w>
            <gloss><q>безрогий</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип <c>KPR</c>, <c>TPR</c>, <c>CPR</c>:
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ybyr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ybyr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼubur</w>
            <gloss><q>бугор</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ybyr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ybyr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gubur</w>
            <gloss><q>сгорбленный</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0yppyr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳yppyr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">guppur</w>
            <gloss><q>надутый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>важный</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūppar" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>guppar</w>
            <gloss><q>комок</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæbyræǧ"><w>xæbyræǧ</w>
            <gloss><q>багор</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_typpyr" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>typpyr</w>
            <gloss><q>вздутый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>выпуклый</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>толстый</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_typpyr" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>tuppur</w>
            <gloss><q>курган</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>холм</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbur" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼæbur</w>
            <gloss><q>скалистый выступ</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼembur" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼembur</w>
            <gloss><q>морда</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ybar"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ybar</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼubaræ</w>, <w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼuboræ</w>
            <gloss><q>ком</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>комок</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_guboræ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>guboræ</w>
            <gloss><q>пирожок</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæppær"><w>cæppær</w>
            <gloss><q>пуговица</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>кубри</w>
            <gloss><q>пироги жареные в масле</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><w>кубарь</w>
            <gloss><q>волчок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><w>чабурок</w>, <w>чапурок</w>
            <gloss><q>деревянный шар на конце каната, за который привязывают
            лодки</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><w>чабарка</w>,
              <w>чапарка</w>
            <gloss><q>чашка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>csupor</w>
            <gloss><q>кружка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>gum̃bras</w>
            <gloss><q>шишка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>cȩpure</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>kepùré</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>шапка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>tuber</w>
            <gloss><q>шишка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>kibiras</w>
            <note type="comment">= ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱʼybyla" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>kʼibila</w></ref></note>
            <gloss><q>ушат</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Kober</w>, <w>Koffer</w>
            <gloss><q>короб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hi"><lang/>
            <w>kūbaṛ</w>
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kūbara-</w>
            <gloss><q>горбатый</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>kaũbras</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>kauburs</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>холм</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>kuprà</w>
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kaũpras</w>
            <gloss><q>бугор</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kũbrỹs</w>
            <gloss><q>бугор</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>курган</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kuburỹs</w>
            <gloss><q>вершина горы</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>gabur</w>
            <gloss><q>шея</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>qabar</w>
            <gloss><q>волдырь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼuri</w>
            <gloss><q>вид лаптей</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qumbara</w>
            <gloss><q>бомба</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qambur</w>
            <gloss><q>горб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>tömör</w>
            <gloss><q>массивный</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><w>tompor</w>
            <gloss><q>бедро</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><w>csoport</w>
            <gloss><q>группа</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
            <w>kupera</w>
            <gloss><q>выпуклый</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kopare</w>,
              <w>kopero</w>
            <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>груда</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="et"><lang/>
            <w>kobar</w>
            <gloss><q>гроздь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кисть</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип <c>KPT</c>:
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæbæt" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>gæbæt</w>
            <gloss><q>бурдюк</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gobat" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>gobat</w>
            <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gobat" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><phr>gobat kænun</phr>
            <gloss><q>окучивать</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gebeta" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>gebeta</w>
            <gloss><q>пузатый</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbūt"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼæbūt</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼæbot</w>
            <gloss xml:lang="os-x-iron"><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T111447+0300" comment="я всё-таки сделал lang и иронскую глоссу"?><lang/><?oxy_comment_end ?>
              <q>затылок</q></gloss>, д. <gloss><q>морда</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæmbudtæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼæmbuttæ</w>
            <gloss><q>морда</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="aer"><lang/>
              <w>capu<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T153441+0300" comment="этот символ?" id="xky_14n_rwb" flag="done"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T111528+0300" parentID="xky_14n_rwb" comment="вроде бы да" flag="done" mid="17"?>ṭ<?oxy_comment_end mid="17"?><?oxy_comment_end ?>a</w></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>caput</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>голова</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>gumbat</w>
            <gloss><q>купол</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>kʼabeti</w>
            <gloss><q>тучный</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼbode</w>
            <gloss><q>мыс</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>кубатка</w>
            <gloss><q>кринка</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип <c>KPN</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ybyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ybyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gubun</w>
            <gloss><q>живот</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_goban"><w>goban</w>
            <gloss><q>тюфяк</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæbyna"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">gæbyna</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gæbina</w>
            <gloss><q>тюфячок</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qæpæn"><w>qæpæn</w>
            <gloss><q>сугроб</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
            <w>kupene</w>
            <gloss><q>сугроб</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ga"><lang/>
            <w>cupān</w>
            <gloss><q>чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>кубень</w>
            <gloss><q>толстуха</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar" extralang="krc-x-karachay"><lang/>
            <w>goppan</w>
            <gloss><q>большая чаша</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>кубан</w>
            <gloss><q>большая кринка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>кабан</w>
            <gloss><q>глыба</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>копна</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qaban</w>
            <gloss><q>толстый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кабан</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qäbän</w>
            <gloss><q>копна</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼapʼani</w>
            <gloss><q>нагромождение</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>груда</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип
            <c>KPS</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱʼymbys"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">ḱʼymbys</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼimbus</w>
            <gloss><q>лоскут</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>тряпка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼobos" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼobos</w>
            <gloss><q>шишка на палке</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>набалдашник</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼubus" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼubus</w>
            <gloss><q>выступ</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вышка</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kūpusa</w>
            <gloss><q>пузырь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>купушек</w>
            <gloss><q>прыщик</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>бородавка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
            <w>gubus</w>
            <gloss><q>бородавка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krl"><lang/>
            <w><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T154049+0300" comment="какая-то буква пропущена?" id="jpv_44n_rwb"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T111932+0300" parentID="jpv_44n_rwb" comment="вроде бы /u/; в одном из словарей (Зайков, Ругоева) нашёл форму kuvas" mid="19"?>kubaš<?oxy_comment_end mid="19"?><?oxy_comment_end ?></w>
            <gloss><q>буй</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>поплавок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>кубышка</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼičʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>булыжник</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>kapič</w>
            <gloss><q>мера зерна</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼečʼia</w>
            <gloss><q>макушка</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип <c>KBZ</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼabaz"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼabaz</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼabazæ</w>
            <gloss><q>конечность</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ветвь</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gabaz" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>gabaz</w>
            <gloss><q>конечность</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ветвь</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼabūz"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼabūz</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼabozæ</w>
            <gloss><q>отросток</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæbūz"><w>xæbūz</w>
            <gloss><q>рябинка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>оспинка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæbaz"><w>gæbaz</w>
            <gloss><q>лоскут</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>обрывок</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>клочок</q></gloss></ref>; тип <c>KPK</c>, <c>TPK</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qoppæg"><w>qoppæg</w>
            <gloss><q>плод альпийской лилии</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūbakk" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>gūbakk</w>
            <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūbakk" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><phr>gūbakk kænyn</phr>
            <gloss><q>окучивать</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>göbäk</w>
            <gloss><q>пупок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>topuk</w>,
              <w>tobuk</w>
            <gloss><q>коленная чашка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>лодыжка</q></gloss></mentioned>]; тип
            <c>KBX</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼombox" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼombox</w>
            <gloss><q>почка у растений</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύμβαχος</w>
            <gloss><q>гребень шлема</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
            <w>kupahi-</w>
            <gloss><q>шапка</q></gloss></mentioned>]. — Идеофоны образуют в каждом языке
          обособленную лексическую группу, к которой обычные принципы и приемы этимологизирования
          применимы с известными ограничениями. Это касается, в частности, звуковых законов, которые
          перекрываются нередко потребностью идеофонической «выразительности». Разумеется, сходные
          идеофоны в родственных языках можно и здесь возводить иногда к прототипам. Несомненно
          также, что идеофоны могут заимствоваться, как любые другие слова. Но не следует прилагать
          слишком много усилий как для установления генетических связей между идеофонами, так и для
          выяснения источников и путей заимствования.<note type="footnote">См., например,
            пространную статью <bibl><author>Vasmer</author>'а</bibl> под словом <w>куб</w>
                (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vasmer._REW"/>
              <biblScope>I 676–677</biblScope></bibl>).</note> Факты говорят, что созвучные, нередко
          идентичные идеофоны могут снова и снова возникать независимо в разных языках, не связанных
          ни родством, ни контактами. Поэтому сложные этимологические выкладки в применении к этому
          материалу могут оказаться и на деле оказываются пустой тратой времени.<note type="footnote"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Даль"/></bibl> подметил в русском
            группу идеофонов; под словом <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>кубел</w></mentioned> он
            замечает: «Кубан, кубел, кубец, кубышка, кубарь и пр. напоминают общий корень куб, хотя
            он и не наш». Английский словарь <bibl><author>Webster</author>'а</bibl>, приводя
            многочисленные значения слова <mentioned xml:lang="en"><w>cob</w>
                (<gloss><q>толстяк</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>глыба</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>куча</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>косточка</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>testiculum</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>хохолок</q></gloss> и др.)</mentioned>,
            отмечает: «basic idea: something round or plump».</note> Приведенные выше идеофоны,
          «изображающие» впечатление от внешнего облика предметов особыми звуковыми комплексами,
          следует отличать от идеофонов, передающих двигательные, световые и иные впечатления, а
          также от звукоподражаний. См. нашу статью <bibl><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><title>Мимео-изобразительные слова в осетинском</title></q> (<bibl type="j"><title>Тр. Инст. языкозн.</title>
              <biblScope>1956 VI 409–427</biblScope></bibl>)</bibl>. Из литературы по звуковой
          символике: <bibl><author>Hilmer</author>. <title>Schallnachahmung, Wortschöpfung und
              Bedeutungswandel</title>. <pubPlace>Halle</pubPlace>, <date>1914</date></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Oehl</author>. <title>Elementare Wortschöpfung</title>. <bibl type="j"><title>Anthropos</title>
              <biblScope>1918 XII–XIII</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. —
                <quote><bibl><author>Petersson</author>. <title>Arische und armenische
                Studien</title>. <pubPlace>Lund</pubPlace>, <date>1920</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                47</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Ai bimba-... gehört zu
              einer bestimmten Kategorie von in den verschiedensten, auch zwischen einander nicht
              verwandten Sprachen anzutreffenden Wörtern, die... allerlei gerundete, dicke,
              schwellende oder kugelförmige Gegenstände... bezeichnen</q>)</quote>. —
              <bibl><author>Grammont</author>. <title>Traité de phonétique</title>.
              <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>, <date>1950</date>, <biblScope>стр.
            377–424</biblScope></bibl>; idem: <bibl><title>Onomatopées et mots expressifs</title>.
              <bibl type="j"><title>Revue des langues romanes</title>
              <biblScope>XLIV 97</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Westermann</author>.
              <title>Laut, Ton und Sinn in westafrikanischen Sudansprachen</title>.
              <pubPlace>Glückstadt—Hamburg</pubPlace>, <date>1927</date></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Fouche</author>. <title>Il rapporto naturale fra suono е idea:
              simbolismo fonetico</title>. <bibl type="m"><title>Atti del III congresso
                internazionale dei linguisti</title>. <pubPlace>Firenze</pubPlace>,
                <date>1935</date>, <biblScope>стр. 119 sqq</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Doke</author>. <title>Bantu linguistic terminology</title>.
              <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>, <date>1935</date></bibl>. —
                <quote><bibl><author>Marchand</author>. <title>Phonetic symbolism in English
                wordformation</title>.
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T170721+0300" comment="очень странно сделала библ" id="avd_vqn_rwb" flag="done"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T113637+0300" parentID="avd_vqn_rwb" comment="как раз правильно (только во вложенном лучше ставить type=j если журнал и type=m если монография)" flag="done" mid="21"?><bibl type="j"><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_IF"/>
                <biblScope>64</biblScope></bibl><?oxy_comment_end ?><?oxy_comment_end mid="21"?>,
                <date>1959</date>, <biblScope>стр. 147</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Certain sound combinations as k-p, k-b, t-p for
              protuberant forms: hill, knob, boss, wart, pimple etc... We can hardly tell what the
              symbolism of these sounds is due to, but we cannot possibly deny the
            phenomenon</q>)</quote>. — <quote><bibl><author>Bonfante</author>. <title>The
                Neolinguistic Position</title>. <title>Language</title>, <biblScope>vol. 23, N 4,
                1947</biblScope></bibl>, цит. по русскому переводу в книге:
                <bibl><author>Звегинцев</author>. <title>Хрестоматия по истории языкознания XIX–XX
                веков</title>. <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1956</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                321</biblScope></bibl> (<q>…младограмматики всегда резко противодействовали новому
              направлению звукового символизма. Он приписывает символическую или экспрессивную
              значимость определенным звукам... Каждый день дает в изобилии доказательства подобных
              экспрессивных образований, и их существование не может отрицать ни один разумный
              человек</q>)</quote>. — <quote><bibl><author>Н. Müller</author>. <title>Ехреrimentelle
                Beiträge zur Analyse des Verhältnisses von Laut und Sinn</title>.
                <pubPlace>Berlin</pubPlace>, <date>1935</date></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Durch Versuche, die unter Leitung von. Joh. Wittmann am
              Psychologiscen Instituht der Universität Kiel gemacht wurden, ist die Auffassung des
              Lautsymbolismus m. E. zu unumstösslicher Gewissheit geworden: zwischen der lautlichen
              Struktur des Wortes und der physischen der Sache bestehen feste
            Beziehungen</q>)</quote>. — <bibl><author>Газов-Гинзберг</author>. <title>Был ли язык
              изобразителен в своих истоках?</title>
            <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1965</date></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Журковский</author>.
              <title>Идеофоны: сопоставительный анализ (на материале некоторых языков Африки и
              Евразии)</title>. <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1968</date></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">It would seem that it can be compared with <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <note type="comment">(Anatolian Turkish)</note>
            <w>tümbül</w>
            <gloss><q>fat</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>round</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1604</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> and recognize it as a
          borrowing from Turkic.<note type="footnote"><bibl><author>Ws. Miller</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>II 112</biblScope>)</bibl> compares it to <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
              <w>təmməl</w>
              <gloss><q>round dough</q></gloss></mentioned>.</note> However, such a decision would
          be hasty. Ossetic <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> does not stand alone in the language. It is included
          in an extensive group of onomatopoeic words (ideophones),<note type="footnote">The term <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ideophones</q> for a special category of <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T190332+0300" comment="в этот момент я понимаю что лепила везде onomatopoeic без разбора"?>pictorial<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            words is accepted by researchers of African languages, where sound symbolism is
            widespread. Ideophones arise from the need to convey in a sound image (Lautbild) the
            direct impression of an object or action. Ideophones are distinct from onomatopoeia;
            they <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">depict</q> not sounds, but appearance, shape,
            movement, etc.</note> in which a certain range of meanings (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">round</q>, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">convex</q>,
            <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">swollen</q>, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">protruding</q> etc.) is expressed by certain sound combinations – either by biconsonant
          ones like <c>KP</c>, <c>TP</c>, <c>CP</c>,<note type="footnote">In other cases, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">round</q>, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">chubby</q>
            etc. is symbolized by words like <c>PP</c>, <c>BB</c>.</note> or by triconsonant ones
          like <c>KPL</c>, <c>TPL</c>, <c>CPL</c>, <c>KPR</c>, <c>TPR</c>, <c>CPR</c>, <c>KPN</c>,
            <c>TPN</c>, <c>CPN</c> etc. (the third consonant is usually <c>l</c>, <c>r</c>,
          <c>n</c>, but also <c>s</c>, <c>t</c> etc.). As the initial consonant, <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T190722+0300" comment="??"?>stop-glottals<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          <c>kʼ</c>, <c>cʼ</c> are readily used as more <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">expressive</q>. The root vowel is usually <c>u</c>, <c>o</c>, sometimes <c>a</c>, less
          often <c>e</c>, in individual cases <c>i</c>. Similar ideophones are noted in a wide
          variety of languages that are not related either genetically or by areal contacts. Below
          are the related Ossetic words; some consonant ideophones from other languages are given in
          straight brackets. — The type <c>KP</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼopp"><w>kʼopp</w>
            <gloss><q>wooden bowl</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼoppa"><w>kʼoppa</w>
            <gloss><q>head</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>top</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gopp"><w>gopp</w>
            <gloss><q>tuft</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>saddle pommel</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T134855+0300" comment="NB нет в словаре"?><w>gobæ</w><?oxy_comment_end ?>
            <gloss><q>hornless</q></gloss></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ypp"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ypp</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼupp</w>
            <gloss><q>hillock</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>mound</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ypa"><w>kʼ˳ypa</w>
            <gloss><q>bud</q>
              <note type="comment">(of plants)</note></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼæpo" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>cʼæpo</w>
            <gloss><q>brush</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>cuppa</w>
            <gloss><q>barrel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="it"><lang/>
            <w>coppa</w>
            <gloss><q>cup</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fro"><lang/>
            <w>cope</w>
            <gloss><q>top</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>cappa</w>
            <gloss><q>hat</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
              <w>cap</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="es"><lang/>
              <w>cabo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>cape</w></mentioned></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ga"><lang/>
            <w>gop</w>
            <gloss><q>beak</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="nl"><lang/>
              <w>kopp</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>cup</w></mentioned></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><w>cob</w></mentioned>
          etc., <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>cop</w>
            <gloss><q>top</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Kopf</w>
            <gloss><q>head</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><w>Kaupe</w>
            <gloss><q>tuft</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><w>Koppe</w>,
              <w>Kuppe</w>
            <gloss><q>top</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>káupas</w>
            <gloss><q>heap</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kúopa</w>
            <gloss><q>mass</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kupa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>kãpas</w>
            <gloss><q>grave</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kopa</w>
            <gloss><q>dune</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kopa</w>
            <gloss><q>heap</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191154+0300" comment="вообще  надо в русской версии разбить на три mentd..."?><mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>kub</w>, <w>kubok</w>, <w>kubyshka</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kumbhas</w>
            <gloss><q>pot</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύμβη</w>
            <gloss><q>bowl</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>köb</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191223+0300" comment="?"?>bellied<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                vessel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>kub</w>, <w>kup</w>
            <gloss><q>jug</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kwabi</w>
            <gloss><q>pot</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>kʼubo</w>
            <gloss><q>coffin</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>kʼopa</w>
            <gloss><q>measure of grain</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>kübi</w>
            <gloss><q>barrel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύβη</w>
            <gloss><q>head</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><w>κύβος</w>
            <gloss><q>dice</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>gomba</w>
            <gloss><q>mushroom</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><w>gomb</w>
            <gloss><q>button</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cv"><lang/>
            <w>kǎmpa</w>
            <gloss><q>mushroom</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">gomba</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>guba</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>mushroom</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>lip</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kumba-</w>
            <gloss><q>bone thickening</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>type of women’s
            hairstyle</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>gum̃bas</w>
            <gloss><q>elevation</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>outgrowth</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="it"><lang/>
            <w>gobba</w>
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="et"><lang/>
            <w>kopp</w>
            <gloss><q>bowl</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
            <w>kumpu</w>
            <gloss><q>hill</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>koppa</w>
            <gloss><q>box</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kuppa</w>
            <gloss><q>bubble</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupo</w>
            <gloss><q>sheaf</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kuppi</w>
            <gloss><q>cup</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupu</w>
            <gloss><q>goiter</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>head of cabbage</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
            <w>kobə</w>
            <gloss><q>ladle</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qopa</w>
            <gloss><q>bowl</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>goblet</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>kübä</w>
            <gloss><q>convex</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
            <w>kūb</w>
            <gloss><q>jug</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kambu-</w>
            <gloss><q>sink</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>quba</w>
            <gloss><q>dome</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hbo"><lang/>
            <w>köba</w>
            <gloss><q>helmet</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
              <w>kʼopʼe</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
              <w>kʼob</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>ladle</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼi</w>
            <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>blister</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa-x-dial"><lang/>
              <w>kup</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
              <w>kaufa</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>mountain</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sgh-x-oroshori"><lang/>
              <w>kup</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>kūb</w>, <w>kwab</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type <c>TP</c>, <c>CP</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼūpp"><w>cʼūpp</w>
            <gloss><q>top</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼopp" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>cʼopp</w>
            <gloss><q>wool</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>top</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>čʼobi</w>
            <gloss><q>hair</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>čʼopʼi</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191618+0300" comment="?"?>high<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                hat</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><phr>čʼopʼiani kudi</phr>
            <note type="comment">= <mentioned xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                <phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼūpp"><w><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T145422+0300" comment="прям č? на что хреф?" id="wpl_qfl_rwb"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T033525+0300" parentID="wpl_qfl_rwb" comment="действительно странно č, в словаре ц (цупп)" mid="29"?>čʼūpp<?oxy_comment_end mid="29"?><?oxy_comment_end ?>-</w></ref><ref type="xr" target="#entry_xūd"/></phr></mentioned></note>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191622+0300" comment="?"?>peaked<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                hat</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ru" extralang="uk"><lang/>
              <w><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191639+0300" comment="или здесь не такая транслитерация?"?>chub<?oxy_comment_end ?></w></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="cs"><lang/>
              <w>čub</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
              <w>czub</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>crest</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>chepec</w>, <w>chop</w>
            <gloss><q>plug</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191733+0300" comment="???????/ втулка
и ниже"?>spigot<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
              <w>czop</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
              <w>csap</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>tap</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Zapf</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>plug</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>spigot</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>top</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Topp</w>
            <gloss><q>mast top</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><w>Zopf</w>
            <gloss><q>braid</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>hair</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>tʼup</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191843+0300" comment="шкура - или pelt?"?>skin<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>tʼub</w>
            <gloss><q>finger</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>čöp</w>
            <gloss><q>chip</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>small bone</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>top</w>
            <gloss><q>ball</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T191933+0300" comment="это ядро или нет?"?>cannonball<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>tömb</w>
            <gloss><q>boar</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
              <w>top</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
              <w>tūp</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
              <w>top</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>bale</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>roll</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>pack</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>tuba</w>
            <gloss><q>tube</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tup</w>
            <gloss><q>tail</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>töbe</w>,
              <w>tepe</w>
            <gloss><q>top</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>hill</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>tap</w>
            <gloss><q>chip</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type <c>KPL</c>, <c>TPL</c>, <c>CPL</c>:
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ymbyl"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ymbyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>beetroot</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ymbyl"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ymbyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>ball-shaped mass of fresh cheese</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ymbyl"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ymbyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">qumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>ball</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>thread ball for decorating a bashlyk, dress,
                weapon</q></gloss></ref>, <oRef>tymbyl</oRef> | <oRef>tumbul</oRef>
          <q>round</q>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qambul"><w>qambūl</w>
            <gloss><q>convex</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qabolæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>qabolæ</w>, <phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_sær">særi</ref> qabolæ</phr>
            <gloss><q>scull</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼūbal"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼubal</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼobalæ</w>
            <gloss><q>neck</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>head</q></gloss>,
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T192135+0300" comment="?? выше головку просто как head перевела"?><gloss><q>small
                head</q></gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ymbīl"><w>kʼ˳ymbīl</w>
            <gloss><q>wool</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ybyloj"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ybyloj</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼubulojnæ</w>
            <gloss><q>ball (of string)</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tubulon" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>tubulon</w>
            <gloss><q>round</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tubulojnæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>tubulojnæ</w>
            <gloss><q>round flour basket</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱʼybyla"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">ḱʼybyla</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼibila</w>
            <gloss><q>tub</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbæl"><w>kʼæbæl</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T192257+0300" comment="все еще хз втулка"?>spigot<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>plug</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>spool</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæppæl"><w>gæppæl</w>
            <gloss><q>scrap</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>piece</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>patch</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qæppæl" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>qæppæl</w>
            <gloss><q>clothes</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tæppal"><w>tæppal</w>
            <gloss><q>blister</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>callus</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæppolæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>xæppolæ</w>
            <gloss><q>inflated</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæpyloj"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">xæpyloj</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">xæppil</w>
            <gloss><q>blister</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cūpal"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">cūpal</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">copalæ</w>
            <gloss><q>bunch</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>cluster</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼupxali</w>
            <gloss><q>bunch</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>kʼmbilai</w>
            <gloss><q>gimp button on a women’s dress</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lzz"><lang/>
            <w>kʼumbi</w>
            <gloss><q>gimp button on a women’s dress</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼuli</w>
            <gloss><q>saddlebow</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>bump on the handle of a
            gun</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
            <w>tüppalg</w>
            <gloss><q>spool</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ball</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>čopilg</w>
            <gloss><q>button</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><w>kʼopilg</w>
            <gloss><q>box</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼali</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T192534+0300" comment="NB поправить в русском лишний апостроф"?>s<?oxy_comment_end ?>ilver
                circles on the belt</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
            <w>tupəl</w>
            <gloss><q>ball (of string)</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>tupʼal</w>
            <gloss><q>ring</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qombul</w>
            <gloss><q>spherical button</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ball (of
            string)</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qumbul</w>
            <gloss><q>bundle</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>cluster</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>small
              button</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qambyl</w>
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>tümbül</w>
            <gloss><q>fat</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>round</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>tombalak</w>, <w>topalak</w>, <w>tomalak</w>
            <gloss><q>round</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>spherical</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>t<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T150928+0300" comment="эта буква?" id="wrh_1gl_rwb"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T033818+0300" parentID="wrh_1gl_rwb" comment="на вид да, хотя обычно у Абаева с нижним подчёркиванием. Надо проверить" mid="39"?>ḥ<?oxy_comment_end mid="39"?><?oxy_comment_end ?>ämbəl</w>
            <gloss><q>pulmo</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tāval</w>
            <gloss><q>blister</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>kùbilas</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Kübel</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>vat</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύπελλον</w>
            <gloss><q>bowl</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kobel</w>
            <gloss><q>dry measure</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs"><lang/>
            <w>kbel</w>
            <gloss><q>tub</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>bucket</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>gebal</w>
            <gloss><q>skull</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>head</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Giebel</w>, <w>Gipfel</w>, <w>Zipfel</w>
            <gloss><q>top</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>tip</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. (with other
          related Germanic words), <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κεφαλή</w>
            <gloss><q>head</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kambala-</w>
            <gloss><q>wool blanket</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="brh"><lang/>
              <w>gappal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
              <w>gapal</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>piece</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="it"><lang/>
            <w>cupola</w></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Kuppel</w></mentioned> →
            <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T192817+0300" comment="а здесь типа нужен общий перевод что ли?"?><mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kupol</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>cuppula</w>
            <gloss><q>small barrel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼombali</w>
            <gloss><q>club</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>coboli</w>
            <gloss><q>plug</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼal</w>
            <gloss><q>mace</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
            <w>kʼampəlä</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T192851+0300" comment="какой волчок?"?>spinning
                top<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss>, <gloss><q>acorn</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="sva"><lang/>
            <w>qväbäl</w>
            <gloss><q>cone</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ha"><lang/>
            <w>kubul</w>
            <gloss><q>about a round and small object</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>cobble</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
            <w>kampela</w>
            <gloss><q>flounder</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">round
            fish</q>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupla</w>
            <gloss><q>bubble</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kupula</w>
            <gloss><q>cone</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>koppelo</w>,
              <w>kopano</w>, <w>kope</w>
            <gloss><q>hollow object</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>gomola</w>
            <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sh"><lang/>
            <w>gomolja</w>
            <note type="comment">= Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ymbyl" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>gumbul</w></ref></note>
            <gloss><q>lump of fresh cheese</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>komolyj</w>
            <gloss><q>hornless</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type <c>KPR</c>, <c>TPR</c>,
          <c>CPR</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ybyr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ybyr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼubur</w>
            <gloss><q>hillock</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ybyr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ybyr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gubur</w>
            <gloss><q>hunched</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0yppyr"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳yppyr</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">guppur</w>
            <gloss><q>inflated</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>important</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūppar" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>guppar</w>
            <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæbyræǧ"><w>xæbyræǧ</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193140+0300" comment="?"?>gaff<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></ref>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_typpyr" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>typpyr</w>
            <gloss><q>inflated</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>convex</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>fat</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_typpyr" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>tuppur</w>
            <gloss><q>mound</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>hill</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbur" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼæbur</w>
            <gloss><q>rocky ledge</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼembur" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼembur</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193216+0300" comment="или snout?"?>muzzle<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></ref>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼ0ybar"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼ˳ybar</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼubaræ</w>, <w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼuboræ</w>
            <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ball</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_guboræ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>guboræ</w>
            <gloss><q>small pie</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæppær"><w>cæppær</w>
            <gloss><q>button</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>kubri</w>
            <gloss><q>pies fried in oil</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><w>kubar'</w>
            <gloss><q>spinning top</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><w>chaburok</w>, <w>chapurok</w>
            <gloss><q>a wooden ball at the end of a rope to which boats are
            tied</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><w>chabarka</w>,
              <w>chaparka</w>
            <gloss><q>cup</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>csupor</w>
            <gloss><q>mug</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>gum̃bras</w>
            <gloss><q>cone</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>cȩpure</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>kepùré</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>hat</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>tuber</w>
            <gloss><q>cone</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>kibiras</w>
            <note type="comment">= Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱʼybyla" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>kʼibila</w></ref></note>
            <gloss><q>tub</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Kober</w>, <w>Koffer</w>
            <gloss><q>box</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hi"><lang/>
            <w>kūbaṛ</w>
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kūbara-</w>
            <gloss><q>humpbacked</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>kaũbras</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>kauburs</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>hill</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>kuprà</w>
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kaũpras</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193441+0300" comment="бугор? и след слово"?>mound<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kũbrỹs</w>
            <gloss><q>mound</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193504+0300" comment="в прошлый раз я перевела здесь курган как mound как раз"?>barrow<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>kuburỹs</w>
            <gloss><q>top of the mountain</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>gabur</w>
            <gloss><q>neck</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>qabar</w>
            <gloss><q>blister</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼuri</w>
            <gloss><q>kind of bast shoes</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qumbara</w>
            <gloss><q>bomb</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qambur</w>
            <gloss><q>hump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>tömör</w>
            <gloss><q>massive</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><w>tompor</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193546+0300" comment="или thigh?"?>hip<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><w>csoport</w>
            <gloss><q>group</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
            <w>kupera</w>
            <gloss><q>convex</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fi"><w>kopare</w>,
              <w>kopero</w>
            <gloss><q>heap</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="et"><lang/>
            <w>kobar</w>
            <gloss><q>bunch</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>cluster</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type
            <c>KPT</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæbæt" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>gæbæt</w>
            <gloss><q>waterskin</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gobat" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>gobat</w>
            <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gobat" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><phr>gobat kænun</phr>
            <gloss><q>spud</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gebeta" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>gebeta</w>
            <gloss><q>pot-bellied</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbūt"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼæbūt</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼæbot</w>
            <gloss xml:lang="os-x-iron"><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T111447+0300" comment="я всё-таки сделал lang и иронскую глоссу"?><lang/><?oxy_comment_end ?>
              <q>back of the head</q></gloss>, Digor
                <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193706+0300" comment="или snout? и далее"?>muzzle<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></ref>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæmbudtæ" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼæmbuttæ</w>
            <gloss><q>muzzle</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="aer"><lang/>
              <w>capu<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T153441+0300" comment="этот символ?" id="xky_14n_rwb" flag="done"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T111528+0300" parentID="xky_14n_rwb" comment="вроде бы да" flag="done" mid="50"?>ṭ<?oxy_comment_end mid="50"?><?oxy_comment_end ?>a</w></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>caput</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>head</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>gumbat</w>
            <gloss><q>dome</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>kʼabeti</w>
            <gloss><q>fat</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼbode</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T193751+0300" comment="ну и какой это мыс...."?>foreland<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>kubatka</w>
            <gloss><q>jug</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type <c>KPN</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_g0ybyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">g˳ybyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gubun</w>
            <gloss><q>stomach</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_goban"><w>goban</w>
            <gloss><q>mattress</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæbyna"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">gæbyna</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">gæbina</w>
            <gloss><q>mattress</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qæpæn"><w>qæpæn</w>
            <gloss><q>snowdrift</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
            <w>kupene</w>
            <gloss><q>snowdrift</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ga"><lang/>
            <w>cupān</w>
            <gloss><q>bowl</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>kuben'</w>
            <gloss><q>fat woman</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar" extralang="krc-x-karachay"><lang/>
            <w>goppan</w>
            <gloss><q>big bowl</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kuban</w>
            <gloss><q>big jug</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>kaban</w>
            <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>kopna</w>
            <gloss><q>stack</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>qaban</w>
            <gloss><q>fat</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>boar</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>qäbän</w>
            <gloss><q>stack</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>kʼapʼani</w>
            <gloss><q>conglomeration</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type
            <c>KPS</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱʼymbys"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">ḱʼymbys</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼimbus</w>
            <gloss><q>patch</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>rag</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼobos" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼobos</w>
            <gloss><q>bump on a stick</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>knob</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼubus" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼubus</w>
            <gloss><q>ledge</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>tower</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kūpusa</w>
            <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T194037+0300" comment="этот пузырь? и выше где-то тоже было здесь"?>bubble<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang/>
            <w>kupushek</w>
            <gloss><q>pimple</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>wart</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
            <w>gubus</w>
            <gloss><q>wart</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krl"><lang/>
            <w><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T154049+0300" comment="какая-то буква пропущена?" id="jpv_44n_rwb"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T111932+0300" parentID="jpv_44n_rwb" comment="вроде бы /u/; в одном из словарей (Зайков, Ругоева) нашёл форму kuvas" mid="54"?>kubaš<?oxy_comment_end mid="54"?><?oxy_comment_end ?></w>
            <gloss><q>buoy</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>float</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kubyshka</w>
            <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T194123+0300" comment="????"?><gloss><q>capsule</q></gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼičʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>cobblestone</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>kapič</w>
            <gloss><q>measure of grain</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>kʼopʼečʼia</w>
            <gloss><q>top of the head</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type <c>KBZ</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼabaz"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼabaz</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼabazæ</w>
            <gloss><q>limb</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>branch</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gabaz" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>gabaz</w>
            <gloss><q>limb</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>branch</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼabūz"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kʼabūz</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">kʼabozæ</w>
            <gloss><q>outgrowth</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæbūz"><w>xæbūz</w>
            <gloss><q>pock</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pockmark</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gæbaz"><w>gæbaz</w>
            <gloss><q>patch</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>snippet</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>scrap</q></gloss></ref>; the type <c>KPK</c>, <c>TPK</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qoppæg"><w>qoppæg</w>
            <gloss><q>alpine lily fruit</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūbakk" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>gūbakk</w>
            <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūbakk" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><phr>gūbakk kænyn</phr>
            <gloss><q>spud</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>göbäk</w>
            <gloss><q>navel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>topuk</w>,
              <w>tobuk</w>
            <gloss><q>kneecap</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ankle</q></gloss></mentioned>]; the type
            <c>KBX</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼombox" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>kʼombox</w>
            <gloss><q>plant bud</q></gloss></ref> [<mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κύμβαχος</w>
            <gloss><q>helmet crest</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
            <w>kupahi-</w>
            <gloss><q>hat</q></gloss></mentioned>]. — Ideophones form a separate lexical group in
          each language, to which the usual principles and techniques of etymologization are
          applicable with known limitations. This applies, in particular, to sound laws, which are
          often overlapped by the need for ideophonic <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">expressiveness</q>. Of course, similar ideophones in related languages can sometimes be
          traced here to prototypes. It is also certain that ideophones can be borrowed like any
          other words. But one should not make too much effort both to establish genetic links
          between ideophones, and to clarify the sources and ways of borrowing.<note type="footnote">See, for example, the lengthy article by <bibl><author>Vasmer</author></bibl> under the
            word <w>kub</w> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vasmer._REW"/>
              <biblScope>I 676–677</biblScope></bibl>).</note> The facts show that consonant, often
          identical, ideophones can appear again and again independently in different languages, not
          related by either kinship or contacts. Therefore, complex etymological calculations when
          applied to this material can and do turn out to be a waste of time.<note type="footnote"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Даль"/></bibl> noticed a group of ideophones in
            Russian; under the word <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>kubel</w></mentioned> he notices: <cit>
              <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T194824+0300" comment="и в русском сделать cit и quote?"?>
              <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Kuban, kubel, kubec, kubyshka, kubar' etc.
                  resemble a common root kub, although it is not ours</q></quote><?oxy_comment_end ?>
            </cit>. The English dictionary by <bibl><author>Webster</author></bibl>, giving multiple
            meanings of the word<mentioned xml:lang="en"><w>cob</w> (<gloss><q>fat man</q></gloss>,
                  <gloss><q>lump</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>pile</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>small
                bone</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>testiculum</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>tuft</q></gloss>
              etc.)</mentioned>, notes:
              <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T195015+0300" comment="а это надо цитатой?"?><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">basic idea: something round or
            plump</q><?oxy_comment_end ?>.</note> The above ideophones, which <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">depict</q> the impression of the external appearance of
          objects with special sound complexes, should be distinguished from ideophones that
          transmit motor, light and other impressions, as well as from onomatopoeia. See my paper
              <bibl><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><title>Mimeo-izobrazitelʼnye slova v
                osetinskom</title> [Mimeo-figurative words in Ossetic]</q> (<bibl type="j"><title>Trudy Instituta jazykoznanija</title>  [Proceedings of the Institute of
                Linguistics]. <biblScope>1956 VI 409–427</biblScope></bibl>)</bibl>. From
          the literature on sound symbolism: <bibl><author>Hilmer</author>. <title>Schallnachahmung,
              Wortschöpfung und Bedeutungswandel</title>. <pubPlace>Halle</pubPlace>,
              <date>1914</date></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Oehl</author>. <title>Elementare
              Wortschöpfung</title>. <bibl type="j"><title>Anthropos</title>
              <biblScope>1918 XII–XIII</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. —
                <quote><bibl><author>Petersson</author>. <title>Arische und armenische
                Studien</title>. <pubPlace>Lund</pubPlace>, <date>1920</date>, <biblScope>p.
                47</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Ai bimba-... gehört zu
              einer bestimmten Kategorie von in den verschiedensten, auch zwischen einander nicht
              verwandten Sprachen anzutreffenden Wörtern, die... allerlei gerundete, dicke,
              schwellende oder kugelförmige Gegenstände... bezeichnen</q>)</quote>. —
              <bibl><author>Grammont</author>. <title>Traité de phonétique</title>.
              <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>, <date>1950</date>, <biblScope>p.
            377–424</biblScope></bibl>; idem: <bibl><title>Onomatopées et mots expressifs</title>.
              <bibl type="j"><title>Revue des langues romanes</title>
              <biblScope>XLIV 97</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Westermann</author>.
              <title>Laut, Ton und Sinn in westafrikanischen Sudansprachen</title>.
              <pubPlace>Glückstadt—Hamburg</pubPlace>, <date>1927</date></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Fouche</author>. <title>Il rapporto naturale fra suono e idea:
              simbolismo fonetico</title>. <bibl type="m"><title>Atti del III congresso
                internazionale dei linguisti</title>. <pubPlace>Firenze</pubPlace>,
                <date>1935</date>, <biblScope>p. 119 sqq</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Doke</author>. <title>Bantu linguistic terminology</title>.
              <pubPlace>London</pubPlace>, <date>1935</date></bibl>. —
                <quote><bibl><author>Marchand</author>. <title>Phonetic symbolism in English
                wordformation</title>.
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20221213T170721+0300" comment="очень странно сделала библ" id="avd_vqn_rwb" flag="done"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230303T113637+0300" parentID="avd_vqn_rwb" comment="как раз правильно (только во вложенном лучше ставить type=j если журнал и type=m если монография)" flag="done" mid="59"?><bibl type="j"><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_IF"/>
                <biblScope>64</biblScope></bibl><?oxy_comment_end ?><?oxy_comment_end mid="59"?>,
                <date>1959</date>, <biblScope>p. 147</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Certain sound combinations as k-p, k-b, t-p for
              protuberant forms: hill, knob, boss, wart, pimple etc... We can hardly tell what the
              symbolism of these sounds is due to, but we cannot possibly deny the
            phenomenon</q>)</quote>. — <quote><bibl><author>Bonfante</author>. <title>The
                Neolinguistic Position</title>. <title>Language</title>, <biblScope>vol. 23, N 4,
                1947</biblScope></bibl>, cit. according to Russian translation in the book:
                <bibl><author>Zvegincev</author>. <title>Xrestomatija po istorii jazykoznanija
                XIX–XX vekov</title> [Reader on the history of linguistics of the 19th–20th
                centuries]. <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1956</date>, <biblScope>p.
                321</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Neo-Grammarians
              have always sharply opposed the new trend of sound symbolism. It ascribes symbolic or
              expressive significance to certain sounds… Every day provides abundant evidence of
              such expressive formations, and their existence cannot be denied by any reasonable
              person.</q><note type="footnote"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">…младограмматики всегда резко противодействовали новому
              направлению звукового символизма. Он приписывает символическую или экспрессивную
              значимость определенным звукам... Каждый день дает в изобилии доказательства подобных
              экспрессивных образований, и их существование не может отрицать ни один разумный
              человек</q></note>)</quote>. — <quote><bibl><author>H. Müller</author>.
                <title>Experimentelle Beiträge zur Analyse des Verhältnisses von Laut und
                Sinn</title>. <pubPlace>Berlin</pubPlace>, <date>1935</date></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Durch Versuche, die unter Leitung von. Joh. Wittmann am
              Psychologiscen Instituht der Universität Kiel gemacht wurden, ist die Auffassung des
              Lautsymbolismus m. E. zu unumstösslicher Gewissheit geworden: zwischen der lautlichen
              Struktur des Wortes und der physischen der Sache bestehen feste
            Beziehungen</q>)</quote>. —
              <bibl><author>Gazov-Gin<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T195453+0300" comment="не z?"?>s<?oxy_comment_end ?>berg</author>.
              <title>Byl li jazyk izobrazitelen v svoix istokax?</title> [Was language pictorial in its
              origins?]
            <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1965</date></bibl>. —
              <bibl><author>Žurkovskij</author>. <title>Ideofony: sopostavitelʼnyj analiz (na
              materiale nekotoryx jazykov Afriki i Evrazii)</title> [Ideophones: comparative analysis (based
              on some languages of Africa and Eurasia)]. <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>,
              <date>1968</date></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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