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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <w>ændon</w></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "<gloss><q>" "</q></gloss>";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_ændon" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240329T140338+0300" comment="checked"?>
                <form xml:id="form_d5e66" type="lemma"><orth>ændon</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d5e69">
                    <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                        <q>сталь</q>
                    </abv:tr>
                    <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                        <q>steel</q>
                    </abv:tr>
                </sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5e79">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5e81">
                        <quote>bolat <oRef>ændonæj</oRef> dyn skænʒæn jæ cæfxædtæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>из булатной стали он (Курдалагон) изготовит тебе для него (коня)
                                подковы</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>he (Kurdalægon) will make its (the horse’s) horseshoes for you from
                                    <ref type="xr" target="#entry_bolat"><foreign>bulat</foreign></ref> steel</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
                            <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5e100">
                        <quote>mæn bajsærd æmæ <oRef>ændon</oRef> k˳yd yswon</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>закали меня, чтобы я стал стальным</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>harden me, so I become steel</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
                            <biblScope>I 18</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5e119">
                        <quote>Batraʒ cʼæx ændon yssi, ærmæst ma jæ īw tʼang ænæ særdæj
                            bazzad</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>Батрадз стал из синей стали, только одна кишка у него осталась не
                                закаленной</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Batradz became
                                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240325T174821+0300" comment="can be used as adj.?"?>blue
                                steel<?oxy_comment_end ?>, only one gut was left unhardened</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
                            <biblScope>203</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Скифское слово; ср. <lang>скифские</lang> собственные имена
                        <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀνδάνακος</w> (= <w>andan-ak</w>
                        <gloss><q>стальной</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀσπάνδανος</w> (= <w>asp-andan</w>
                        <gloss><q>имеющий стальных коней</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἰασανδάνακος</w> (= <w>i-as-andanak</w>
                        <gloss><q>стальной Ас</q></gloss>)</mentioned>. Вероятно, отсюда
                    распространилось на север, к угро-финнам, и на юг — на Кавказ и в Персию. Ср.
                            <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e330" xml:id="mentioned_d5e141" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
                            <w>andan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e335" xml:id="mentioned_d5e146" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
                            <w>jendon</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e343" xml:id="mentioned_d5e154" xml:lang="mns"><lang/>
                        <w>jēmtån</w></mentioned> и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e348" xml:id="mentioned_d5e159" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>ondun</w>
                        <gloss><q>крепкий</q></gloss>
                        <note type="comment">(← <gloss><q>стальной</q></gloss>)</note></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e356" xml:id="mentioned_d5e167" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>ondæ</w>
                        <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e176" xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
                        <w>ᵃndān</w>
                        <gloss><q>долото</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>зубило</q></gloss>, а также
                                <gloss><q>острый</q></gloss></mentioned>
                    <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T093818+0300" comment="not sure what word(s) this refers to"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mészaros"/>
                            <biblScope>296</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e377" xml:id="mentioned_d5e185" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>šandan</w>
                        <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss>
                        <note type="comment">(?)</note></mentioned>. На персидской почве термин
                    засвидетельствован Марко Поло (XIII в.): <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Кабана [= Кох-и-Банан] — большой город,
                            народ молится Мухаммеду. Есть тут железо, сталь анданик</q>
                                (<bibl><title>Путешествие Марко Поло</title>, <editor>пер. И. П.
                                Минаева</editor>, <biblScope>гл. XXXIX, стр.
                        37</biblScope></bibl>)</quote>. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Есть тут (в Кармане) также жилы стали и анданика вдоволь</q>
                                (<bibl><biblScope>там же, стр. 31</biblScope></bibl>)</quote>.
                            <bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
                        <biblScope>XIX 56—57</biblScope>)</bibl> высказывает догадку о связи с
                        <mentioned xml:lang="ani"><gloss>этнонимом</gloss>
                        <w>Andi</w></mentioned> в Дагестане и, альтернативно, с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e397" xml:id="mentioned_d5e202" xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
                        <w>and-</w>, <w>hand-</w>
                        <gloss><q>накалять</q></gloss></mentioned>. То и другое сомнительно. Можно
                    возводить <oRef>ændon</oRef> к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e405" xml:id="mentioned_d5e211" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">han-dāna-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e410" xml:id="mentioned_d5e216" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">sam-dhāna-</w></mentioned> (база — <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e415" xml:id="mentioned_d5e221" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
                            <w>dhā-</w></mentioned> , <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e420" xml:id="mentioned_d5e226" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
                            <w>dhē-</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>класть</q>, <q>накладывать</q> и пр.</gloss></mentioned>). Точное
                    значение слова в этом случае — <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">накладка
                            (стальная на железо)</q></gloss>; реально такая семантика вполне
                    оправдана, так как первоначально железо закалялось только с поверхности, или
                    стальной слой накладывался на железо. Яркий пример параллельного развития дают
                    славянские языки: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e428" xml:id="mentioned_d5e234" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                        <w>уклад</w>
                        <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e242" xml:lang="sl" extralang="sr hr"><lang/>
                        <w>nado</w>
                        <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e251" xml:lang="sl" extralang="sr hr"><lang/>
                            <w>naditi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e450" xml:id="mentioned_d5e256" xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
                            <w>надыты</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>покрывать сталью</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e458" xml:id="mentioned_d5e264" xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang>русск.</lang>
                        <note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">(диал.)</note>
                        <w>надить </w>
                        <note type="comment">(соху)</note>
                        <gloss><q>точить лемех</q></gloss>, <gloss>первоначально <q>закаливать с
                                поверхности</q> или <q>накладывать стальной слой</q></gloss>
                        <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Преображенский"/>
                                <biblScope>I 590</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Последние
                    славянские слова являются производными от того же <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e278" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">dhē-</w></mentioned>, что и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e478" xml:id="mentioned_d5e283" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>ændon</w></mentioned> — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e483" xml:id="mentioned_d5e289" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned>, отвечающее <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e488" xml:id="mentioned_d5e294" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>ændon</w></mentioned>, означает, между прочим,
                        <gloss><q>накладывание</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>накладка</q></gloss>.
                    Известно, что древние пытались придать железу твердость не только закаливанием в
                    воде, но также заклинаниями (<bibl><title>Одиссея</title>
                        <biblScope>IX 391</biblScope></bibl>). С этой стороны любопытно, что
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e495" xml:id="mentioned_d5e303" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned> было также названием особого заклинания,
                    произносимого над оружием (<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ein
                            bestimmter über Walfen gesprochener Zauberspruch</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_PW"/></bibl></quote>).<lb/><bibl>Вс.
                            <author>Миллер</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
                        <biblScope>III 12</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
                        <biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
                        <biblScope>52, 153, 198</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Лыткин</author>,
                            <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИАН"/>
                        <biblScope>ОЛиЯ 1951 IV 391</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">A Scythian word; cf. the <lang>Scythian</lang> proper names
                        <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀνδάνακος</w> (= <w>andan-ak</w>
                        <gloss><q>of steel</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀσπάνδανος</w> (= <w>asp-andan</w>
                        <gloss><q>having steel horses</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἰασανδάνακος</w> (= <w>i-as-andanak</w>
                        <gloss><q>steel As</q></gloss>)</mentioned>. Thence it probably spread
                    northward, to the Finno-Ugric peoples, and southward – to the Caucasus and to
                    Persia. Cf. <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e141" xml:id="mentioned_d5e330" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
                            <w>andan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e146" xml:id="mentioned_d5e335" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
                            <w>jendon</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e154" xml:id="mentioned_d5e343" xml:lang="mns"><lang/>
                        <w>jēmtån</w></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e159" xml:id="mentioned_d5e348" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>ondun</w>
                        <gloss><q>firm</q></gloss>
                        <note type="comment">(← <gloss><q>(of)
                    steel</q></gloss>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e167" xml:id="mentioned_d5e356" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>ondæ</w>
                        <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e365" xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
                        <w>andān</w>
                        <gloss><q>chisel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <gloss><q>point-tool</q>, and also
                                <gloss><q>sharp</q></gloss></gloss>
                    <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T093909+0300" comment="not sure which word(s) this refers to"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mészaros"/>
                            <biblScope>296</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e185" xml:id="mentioned_d5e377" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>šandan</w>
                        <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss>
                        <note type="comment">(?)</note></mentioned>. This term is attested by Marco
                    Polo in the Persian context (13th century): <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Cobinan is a large town. The people
                            worship Mahommet. There is much Iron and Steel and Ondanique, and they
                            make steel mirrors of great size and beauty</q>
                                (<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T102753+0300" comment="make this more specific"?><bibl><title>The
                                Travels of Marco Polo</title>, <editor>translated by Henry
                                Yule</editor>, <biblScope>book I, chapter
                        XXI</biblScope></bibl><?oxy_comment_end ?>)</quote>. <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">There are also plenty of veins of steel and
                        Ondanique</q>
                            (<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T102753+0300" comment="make this more specific"?><bibl><title>The
                            Travels of Marco Polo</title>, <editor>translated by Henry
                        Yule</editor>, <biblScope>book I, chapter
                    XVII</biblScope></bibl><?oxy_comment_end ?>). <bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
                        <biblScope>XIX 56—57</biblScope>)</bibl> conjectures a connection with the
                        <mentioned xml:lang="ani"><gloss>ethnonym</gloss>
                        <w>Andi</w></mentioned> in Daghestan and, as an alternative, with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e202" xml:id="mentioned_d5e397" xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
                        <w>and-</w>, <w>hand-</w>
                        <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240329T140805+0300" comment="checked English gloss against Puhvel, noun &apos;heat&apos; (vol. 3, 107: hantais-). NB: he connects this word to OIr. *and- &apos;kindle&apos;, which could be the source for Ossetic word"?><gloss><q>to
                                heat</q></gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>. Both proposals are
                    doubtful. One may derive <oRef>ændon</oRef> from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e211" xml:id="mentioned_d5e405" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">han-dāna-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e216" xml:id="mentioned_d5e410" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
                        <w type="rec">sam-dhāna-</w></mentioned> (the stem — <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e221" xml:id="mentioned_d5e415" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
                            <w>dhā-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e226" xml:id="mentioned_d5e420" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
                            <w>dhē-</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>to put down</q>, <q>to put on</q> etc.</gloss></mentioned>). In
                    this case the exact meaning of the word is <gloss><q>a cover plate (made of
                            steel, put on iron)</q></gloss>; such semantics is quite justified
                    <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240329T101632+0300" comment="not sure"?>by
                    the realia<?oxy_comment_end ?>, because iron was originally tempered only on the
                    surface, or a steel layer was superimposed over the iron. A striking example of
                    a parallel development may be observed in Slavic languages: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e234" xml:id="mentioned_d5e428" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                        <w>uklad</w>
                        <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e437" xml:lang="sr" extralang="sl hr"><lang/>
                        <w>nado</w>
                        <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e445" xml:lang="sr" extralang="sl hr"><lang/>
                            <w>naditi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e256" xml:id="mentioned_d5e450" xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
                            <w>nadyty</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>to cover with steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e264" xml:id="mentioned_d5e458" xml:lang="ru"><lang>Russian</lang>
                        <note type="comment" xml:lang="en">(dialectal)</note>
                        <w>naditʼ</w>
                        <gloss><q>to sharpen a ploughshare</q></gloss>, <gloss>originally <q>to
                                harden at the surface</q> or <q>superimpose a steel
                            layer</q></gloss>
                        <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Преображенский"/>
                                <biblScope>I 590</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The latter
                    Slavic words are derived from the same <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e472" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
                        <w>dhē-</w></mentioned> as <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e283" xml:id="mentioned_d5e478" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>ændon</w></mentioned>. — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e289" xml:id="mentioned_d5e483" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned>, corresponding to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e294" xml:id="mentioned_d5e488" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>ændon</w></mentioned> , means <gloss><q>(the process of)
                        covering</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>cover plate</q></gloss>. It is known that
                    the ancients tried to harden iron not only by quenching it in water but also by
                    spells (<bibl><title>Odyssey</title>
                        <biblScope>IX 391</biblScope></bibl>). In this respect, it is interesting
                    that <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e303" xml:id="mentioned_d5e495" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned> was also the name of a special spell which was
                    pronounced over a weapon (<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ein
                            bestimmter über Walfen gesprochener Zauberspruch</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_PW"/></bibl></quote>).<lb/><bibl>Ws.
                            <author>Miller</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OÈ</ref>
                        <biblScope>III 12</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
                        <biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
                        <biblScope>52, 153, 198</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Lytkin</author>,
                            <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИАН"/>
                        <biblScope>OLiJa 1951 IV 391</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
            </entry>
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