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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæxæra</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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            <entry xml:id="entry_cæxæra" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d5224e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>cæxæra</orth></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d5224e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ʒæræra</orth></form>
                <sense n="1" xml:id="sense_cæxæra.1" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><usg><lang/></usg><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                        <q>свекла</q>
                    </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                        <q>beet</q>
                    </abv:tr></sense>
                <sense n="2" xml:id="sense_cæxæra.2" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><usg><lang/></usg><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                        <q>огород</q>
                    </abv:tr><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">; ср. д. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘свекла’, ‘бурак’</note><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">; cf. Digor <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘beet’,
                        ‘beet-root’</note><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                        <q>vegetable garden</q>
                    </abv:tr><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">; ср. д. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘свекла’, ‘бурак’</note><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">; cf. Digor <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘beet’,
                        ‘beet-root’</note></sense>
                <re xml:id="re_d5224e112">
                    <note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">отсюда</note>
                    <note type="comment" xml:lang="en">from this</note>
                    <form xml:id="form_d5224e120" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>cæxæraǵyn</orth></form>
                    <form xml:id="form_d5224e123" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ʒæxæragun</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d5224e126"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>пирог с начинкой из съедобных трав</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>pie stuffed with edible herbs</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense>
                </re>
                <re xml:id="re_d5224e138">
                    <form xml:id="form_d5224e140" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>cʼiw-ʒæxæra</orth></form>
                    <form xml:id="form_d5224e143" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>cʼew-ʒæxæra</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d5224e146"><def xml:lang="ru">название одного из таких растений</def><def xml:lang="en">the name of one of these plants</def></sense>
                </re>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5224e153">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e155">
                        <quote>acy az kartof æmæ cæxæra bīræ ærkʼaxtam</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>в этом году мы откопали много картофеля и свеклы</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>this year we dug up a lot of potatoes and beets</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e170">
                        <quote>aly xæʒary farsmæ—cæxæradon</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>у каждого дома — огород</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>kitchen garden is near every house</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5224e186">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e188" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>madæ æmæ Sozur kʼaxnadbæl ʒæxærati æxsæn fæccæwuncæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>мать и Созур идут по тропинке между огородами</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>mother and Sozur are walking along a path between kitchen gardens</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 9</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e210" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>ʒæxærati kosæg brigadæ æncæ atæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>это — бригада, работающая на огородах</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>this is a team working in kitchen gardens</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 9</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e232" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>(iuni) ʒæxæratæ æxsastoncæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>(в июне) пололи огороды</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>(in June) [they] pulled weeds in kitchen gardens</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>I 71</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e254" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>stur næ ʽj ne ʽskʼolaj ʒæxæradonæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>наш школьный огород невелик</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>our school vegetable garden is not big</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_FS"/><biblScope>II 60</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e276" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>ʒæxæragæs istudta ew kʼotær</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>огородник вытащил один куст</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the gardener pulled out one bush</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 10</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Подобно названиям некоторых других огородных растений, усвоено
                    из грузинского: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e392" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e301" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>čʼarxali</w>
                        <gloss><q>свекла</q></gloss></mentioned>. Осетинский, как и грузинский,
                    неохотно терпит два <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> в одном слове, — с той, однако, разницей, что в
                    грузинском диссимиляции (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">l</hi>) подвергается второй <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>, а в
                    осетинском — первый. Мы имеем, стало быть: <hi rendition="#rend_italic">čʼarxal</hi>- → *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">calxar</hi>- →
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæxær</hi>-. Конечный <hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi>, вместо грузинского <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi>, появляется еще в некоторых
                    заимствованиях из грузинского: ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūcʼa"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e402" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e311" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>kʼčʼi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbæda"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e409" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e318" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>qbedi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_syxyrna"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e417" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e326" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>cxrili</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_paxsa"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e424" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e333" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>pocxi</w></mentioned>). Мы относим эту особенность не за счет
                    осетинского, а за счет тех грузинских диалектов, из которых непосредственно
                    усвоены соответствующие слова. Действительно, в некоторых соседящих с осетинским
                    грузинских диалектах (мохевском, хевсурском) в именительном падеже вместо -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi>
                    появляется -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi> или -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ау</hi>. Субституция звонкого вместо смычно-гортанного
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e429" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e338" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
                        <w>ʒæxæra</w></mentioned>) весьма обычна. Субституция вместо
                    смычно-гортанного глухого придыхательного (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e434" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e343" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
                        <w>cæxæra</w></mentioned>) встречается реже, но также возможна в более
                    старом слое грузинских заимствований; ср. выше <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæqal"/>. Таким образом, звуковую историю слова можно считать
                    ясной.— <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e442" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e351" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>čʼarxali</w>
                        <gloss><q>свекла</q></gloss></mentioned> стоит, со своей стороны, в родстве
                    с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e450" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e359" xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
                        <w>čʼǝ̀rkwa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e455" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e364" xml:lang="ab"><w>cʼǝ̀rkwa</w>
                        <gloss><q>земляная груша</q></gloss></mentioned>. Развившееся на осетинской
                    почве значение „съедобная трава в вареном виде“ перешло из осетинского в
                    чечено-ингушский: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e461" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e370" xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>žaxar</w>
                        <gloss><q>вареная черемша</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Ср. названия других
                    овощей: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_būlkʼ"/> ‘редька’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nūry"/> ‘чеснок’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵītrī"/>
                            ‘огурец’.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>87,
                            120, 325, 520</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">Like names of some other garden plants, this word is borrowed
                    from Georgian: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e301" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e392" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>čʼarxali</w>
                        <gloss><q>beet</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ossetic unwillingly bears two <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>
                    in one word, as well as Georgian — however, with such difference that in
                    Georgian the second <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> undergoes dissimilation (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">l</hi>), and in
                    Ossetic — the first one. Thus, we have: <hi rendition="#rend_italic">čʼarxal</hi>- → *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">calxar</hi>- →
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæxær</hi>-. The final <hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi> instead of Georgian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi> appears in some other
                    Georgian borrowings: cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūcʼa"/> (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e311" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e402" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>kʼčʼi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbæda"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e318" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e409" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>qbedi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_syxyrna"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e326" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e417" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>cxrili</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_paxsa"/>
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e333" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e424" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>pocxi</w></mentioned>). We attribute this feature not to Ossetic, but to
                    those Georgian dialects from which the corresponding words were directly
                    borrowed. In fact in some Georgian dialects that are neighbour to Ossetic
                    (Mokhevian, Khevsurian) -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi> or -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ау</hi> appear in nominative case instead of
                    -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi>. The substitution of a voiced instead of an ejective consonant
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e338" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e429" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
                        <w>ʒæxæra</w></mentioned>) is quite regular. The substitution of a voiceless
                    aspirated consonant instead of an ejective one (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e343" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e434" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
                        <w>cæxæra</w></mentioned>) happens less often but is still possible in an
                    older group of Georgian borrowings; cf. above <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæqal"/>. As a result, the phonetic history of the word may
                    be considered clear.— <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e351" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e442" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>čʼarxali</w>
                        <gloss><q>beet</q></gloss></mentioned> for its part relates to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e359" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e450" xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
                        <w>čʼǝ̀rkwa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e364" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e455" xml:lang="ab"><w>cʼǝ̀rkwa</w>
                        <gloss><q>earth apple</q></gloss></mentioned>. The meaning “cooked edible
                    herb” which had developped in Ossetic came from Ossetic to Chechen-Ingush:
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e370" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e461" xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>žaxar</w>
                        <gloss><q>boiled rampson</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Cf. names of other
                    vegetables: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_būlkʼ"/> ‘radish’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nūry"/> ‘garlic’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵītrī"/>
                            ‘cucumber’.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>87,
                            120, 325, 520</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
            </entry>
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