<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">amal</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
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    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_amal" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231225T100900+0300" comment="checked"?>
                <form xml:id="form_d2509e66" type="lemma"><orth>amal </orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d2509e69">
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d2509e70">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>возможность</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>possibility</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d2509e79">
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>средство</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>means</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                    </sense>
                </sense>
                <note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">; ср. по значению <ref type="xr" target="#entry_maʒal"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fadat"/></note>
                <note type="comment" xml:lang="en">; cf. in meaning <ref type="xr" target="#entry_maʒal"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fadat"/></note>
                <re xml:id="re_d2509e89">
                    <form xml:id="form_d2509e91" type="lemma"><orth>amal kænyn</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d2509e94">
                        <sense xml:id="sense_d2509e95">
                            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                                <q>добывать</q>
                            </abv:tr>
                            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                                <q>procure</q>
                            </abv:tr>
                        </sense>
                        <sense xml:id="sense_d2509e104">
                            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                                <q>доставать</q>
                            </abv:tr>
                            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                                <q>obtain</q>
                            </abv:tr>
                        </sense>
                    </sense>
                </re>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d2509e115">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e117">
                        <quote>k˳yd sæ banygænon, ūmæn nicy <oRef>amal</oRef> aryn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>не нахожу способа, чтобы их похоронить</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>I find no way to bury them</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
                            <biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e136">
                        <quote>æz, <oRef>amal</oRef> wævgæjæ, dæwæn nīcy bacawærdʒynæn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>я, в пределах возможности, ничего для тебя не пожалею</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>as far as it is possible, I will not spare anything for you</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
                            <biblScope>146</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e155">
                        <quote>xūdinæg ū binonty ænæ færæz ænæ <oRef>amalæj</oRef> nywwaʒyn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>стыдно оставлять семью без ресурсов, без средств</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>it is a shame to leave a family without resources, without funds</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
                            <biblScope>139</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e174">
                        <quote>Marine syvællony <oRef>amaltæj</oRef> xæssyn bajdydta</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>Марине начала с трудностями растить ребенка</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Marina, with difficulties, began raising the child</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
                            <biblScope>94</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e193" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>ci <oRef>amalæj</oRef> æj fesafon?</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>каким способом его погубить?</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>by what means to destroy him?</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
                            <biblScope>8<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">3</hi></biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e216" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>dæsnij <oRef>amal</oRef> in kænun ǧæwūj</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>надо раздобыть для него знахаря</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>a healer should be found for him</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes._Ka_ke"/>
                            <biblScope>21</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e238" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>tillægi kust næ fiddæltæ <oRef>tuxamælttæj</oRef> kodtoncæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>хлебопашеством наши предки занимались с трудностями</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>our ancestors did agricultural work with difficulties</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Sam."/>
                            <biblScope>130</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e260">
                        <quote>ūd <oRef>amælttæj</oRef> airvæzt bīræǧ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>едва-едва (с большими трудностями) спасся волк</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the wolf barely (with great difficulty) escaped</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
                            <biblScope>III 168</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e279" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>næ oʒænæn æz <oRef>ænamal</oRef></quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>я не буду без средств</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>I will not be without means</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
                            <biblScope>52</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d2509e301" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>æz ba xuskʼæ sogtæ æma ciraǧi <oRef>amal</oRef> eskæmi
                            fækkænon</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>я где-нибудь раздобуду сухие дрова и лучину</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>I will get some dry wood and a splinter somewhere</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
                            <biblScope>1940 III 60</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Из <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e484" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e326" xml:lang="ar" extralang="fa"><lang/>
                            <w>ʽamal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e489" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e331" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                            <w>amel</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e494" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e336" xml:lang="trk"><w>amal</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>действие</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>дело</q></gloss>, а также
                                <gloss><q>средство</q></gloss>,
                        <gloss><q>хитрость</q></gloss></mentioned>; налично во всех кавказских
                    языках, подвергшихся мусульманскому влиянию: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e506" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e348" xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
                        <w>ʽamal</w>
                        <gloss><q>хитрость</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>дело</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>занятие</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e527" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e369" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w>
                        <gloss><q>нрав</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e535" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e377" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w>
                        <gloss><q>нрав</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>характер</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e549" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e391" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e555" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e397" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>oamal</w>
                        <gloss><q>нрав</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>обычай</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>возможность</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e575" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e417" xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e580" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e422" xml:lang="kbd"><w>hamal</w>
                        <gloss><q>способ</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>средство</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>уловка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>хитрость</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>кознь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e611" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e453" xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
                        <w>amál</w>
                        <gloss><q>возможность</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e619" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e461" xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w>
                        <gloss><q>способ</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>выход (из
                        затруднения)</q></gloss></mentioned>. Семантическое развитие: от исходного
                    значения <gloss><q>действие</q></gloss>, с одной стороны, — <gloss><q>образ
                            действий</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>поведение</q></gloss>,
                            <gloss><q>нрав</q></gloss> (авар., чеч.., инг.), с другой —
                            <gloss><q>способ действия</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>прием</q></gloss>,
                            <gloss><q>уловка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>средство</q></gloss>,
                            <gloss><q>хитрость</q></gloss> (тюрк., лезг., каб., абаз., балк.,
                            ос.).<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
                        <biblScope>93</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">From <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e326" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e484" xml:lang="ar" extralang="fa"><lang/>
                            <w>ʽamal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e331" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e489" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                            <w>amel</w>, <w>amal</w></mentioned>
                        <gloss><q>action</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>affair</q></gloss>, and also
                                <gloss><q>means</q></gloss>,
                        <gloss><q>trickery</q></gloss></mentioned>; found in all Caucasian languages
                    ​​affected by Muslim influence: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e348" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e506" xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
                        <w>ʽamal</w>
                        <gloss><q>trickery</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>affair</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>occupation</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e369" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e527" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w>
                        <gloss><q>temper</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e377" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e535" xml:lang="av"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w>
                        <gloss><q>temper</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>character</q></gloss></mentioned>,
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e391" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e549" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e397" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e555" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
                        <w>oamal</w>
                        <gloss><q>temper</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231225T100446+0300" comment="обычай"?>habit<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>possibility</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e417" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e575" xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e422" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e580" xml:lang="kbd"><w>hamal</w>
                        <gloss><q>method</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>means</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>trick</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>trickery</q></gloss>,
                                <gloss><q>intrigue</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e453" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e611" xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
                        <w>amál</w>
                        <gloss><q>possibility</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2509e461" xml:id="mentioned_d2509e619" xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
                        <w>amal</w>
                        <gloss><q>method</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>solution (of a
                            difficulty)</q></gloss></mentioned>. The semantic development is from
                    the initial meaning <gloss><q>action</q></gloss> towards, on the one hand,
                            <gloss><q>a course of action</q></gloss> →
                        <gloss><q>behaviour</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>temper</q></gloss> (Avar,
                    Chechen, Ingush), on the other hand, <gloss><q>manner of action</q></gloss> →
                            <gloss><q>method</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>trick</q></gloss>,
                            <gloss><q>means</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>trickery</q></gloss> (Turkic,
                    Lezgian, Kabardian, Balkar, Ossetic).<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
                        <biblScope>93</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
            </entry>
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