<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tælmac</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
      <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
      </tagsDecl>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_tælmac" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230207T145415+0300" comment="Russian checked"?>
        <form xml:id="form_d3361e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>tælmac</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>tælmaci</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d3361e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>переводчик</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>translator</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>перевод (с одного языка на другой)</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>translation (from one language to another)</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tælmac kænyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">переводить</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">translate</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xīcawy <oRef>tælmac</oRef> Piran, zæǧgæ,
              Axmæt ūmæj rajdydta jæ q˳yddag kænyn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">переводчиком начальника (был некто)
                называвшийся Пиран, с него Ахмат начал устраивать свое дело</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the translator of the chief (was someone)
                called Piran, with him Akhmat began to arrange his business</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>60</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Elyzbar <oRef>tælmacæn</oRef> aftæ
              zæǧy…</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Елизбар так говорит переводчику…</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Yelizbar says to the translator…</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>60</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kæd dyn zyn næ wyʒæn, wæd heūcy ḱīnyǵy
              cydæriddær īs, ūj ratælmac kæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если тебе не будет трудно, то переведи все, что
                есть в этом письме</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">if you don't mind, translate everything in this
                letter</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
              <biblScope>98</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>tælmac</oRef> p’yrystyfæn cydærtæ
              aʒyrdta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">переводчик что-то наговорил приставу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the translator said something to the
                bailiff</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næ dær se xsæn — <oRef>tælmac</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ни осетины не умели (говорить) по-кабардински,
                ни кабардинцы — по-осетински; балкарец был между ними посредником — переводчиком</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">neither the Ossetians knew (how to speak)
                Kabardian, nor the Kabardins knew Ossetian; Balkarian was an intermediary between
                them and a translator</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>III 252</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Из <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tilmäč</w>
            <gloss><q>переводчик</q></gloss>, варианты: <w>tilmači</w>, <w>tilmäǯi</w>,
              <w>təlmac</w>, <w>tälmäš</w>, <w>tolmač</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1091, 1205, 1334, 1390</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/> <biblScope>487</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Из тюркского идет и
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tīlmačī</w>
            <gloss><q>interpres linguae</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vullers"/>
                <biblScope>I 493</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 662—665</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. В кавказских языках:
            <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>dilmaǯ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lbe"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>dilmač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="dar"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>tilmaǯ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>tirmač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>talmaž</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>talmač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>telmaš</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ady-x-abadz"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>telmaž</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>təlmeš</w></mentioned>. Слово вошло и в некоторые европейские языки:
                <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
                <w>tlъmačь</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                <w>толмач</w></mentioned>
              <gloss><q>переводчик</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
              <w>товкмачити</w>
              <gloss><q>переводить</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
                <w>tłumacs</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs"><lang/>
                <w>tlumač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                <w>tolmács</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
                <w>Dolmetsch(er)</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ro"><lang/>
                <w>tălmačĭŭ</w></mentioned>
              <gloss><q>переводчик</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Lokotsch"/>
                <biblScope>162—163</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 663</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. О происхождении и истории
          слова пишет <bibl><author>Németh</author> (<title>Zur Geschichte des Wortes
              <w>tolmácz</w></title>. <publisher>Acta Orient. Acad. Scient.</publisher>
            <pubPlace>Hung.</pubPlace>
            <date>1958</date>
            <biblScope>VIII 1—8</biblScope>)</bibl> а также <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/> (<biblScope>III 664—665)</biblScope></bibl>, <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Clauson"/> (<biblScope>500</biblScope>)</bibl>. Огласовка
            <w>tol-</w>, <w>tal-</w> в ряде тюркских и не-тюркских форм препятствует безоговорочному
          производству от <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>til</w>, <w>dil</w>
            <gloss><q>язык</q></gloss></mentioned>. Возможно, что на славянской почве имела место
          контаминация <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tilmač</w></mentioned> со <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>tlъkъ</w>
            <gloss><q>толк</q></gloss></mentioned> (откуда <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="non"><lang/>
              <w>tulkr</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sv"><lang/>
              <w>tolk</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>переводчик</q></gloss></mentioned>); ср.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Falk-Torp"/>
            <biblScope>II 1269, s.v. <w>tolk</w></biblScope></bibl>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/>
            <biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">From <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tilmäč</w>
            <gloss><q>translator</q></gloss>, variants: <w>tilmači</w>, <w>tilmäǯi</w>,
              <w>təlmac</w>, <w>tälmäš</w>, <w>tolmač</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1091, 1205, 1334, 1390</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>487</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. From Turkic comes
            also<mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tīlmačī</w>
            <gloss><q>interpres linguae</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vullers"/>
                <biblScope>I 493</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 662—665</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. In the Caucasian
          languages: <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>dilmaǯ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lbe"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>dilmač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="dar"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>tilmaǯ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>tirmač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>talmaž</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>talmač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>telmaš</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ady-x-abadz"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>telmaž</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang xml:lang="lzz"/>
            <w>təlmeš</w></mentioned>. The word also found its way into some European languages:
                <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
                <w>tlъmačь</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                <w>tolmač</w></mentioned>
              <gloss><q>translator</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
              <w>tovkmačiti</w>
              <gloss><q>to translate</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pl"><lang/>
                <w>tłumacs</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cs"><lang/>
                <w>tlumač</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                <w>tolmács</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
                <w>Dolmetsch(er)</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ro"><lang/>
                <w>tălmačĭŭ</w></mentioned>
              <gloss><q>translator</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Lokotsch"/>
                <biblScope>162—163</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 663</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.
              <bibl><author>Németh</author> writes about the origin and history of the word
              (<title>Zur Geschichte des Wortes <w>tolmácz</w></title>. <publisher>Acta Orient.
              Acad. Scient.</publisher>
            <pubPlace>Hung.</pubPlace>
            <date>1958</date>
            <biblScope>VIII 1—8</biblScope>)</bibl>, see also <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/> (<biblScope>III 664—665)</biblScope></bibl>, <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Clauson"/> (<biblScope>500</biblScope>)</bibl>. The voicing
            <w>tol-</w>, <w>tal-</w> in a variety of Turkic and non-Turkic forms prevents
          unequivocal derivation from <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>til</w>, <w>dil</w>
            <gloss><q>language</q></gloss></mentioned>. It is possible that there was a
          contamination on Slavic base of <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tilmač</w></mentioned> with <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>tlъkъ</w>
            <gloss><q>sense</q></gloss></mentioned> (from which <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="non"><lang/>
              <w>tulkr</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sv"><lang/>
              <w>tolk</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>translator</q></gloss></mentioned>); cf.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Falk-Torp"/>
            <biblScope>II 1269, s.v. <w>tolk</w></biblScope></bibl>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/>
            <biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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