<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tælfyn</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_tælfyn" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230207T142500+0300" comment="Russian checked"?>
        <form xml:id="form_d2192e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>tælfyn</orth><form type="participle"><orth>tælft</orth><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230207T135428+0300" comment="вот так делаются варианты в скобках"?><form type="variant" subtype="parens"><orth>tælfyd</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?></form></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>tælfun</orth><form type="participle"><orth>tælft</orth></form></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d2192e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>двигаться на месте</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>move while standing still</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>шевелиться</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>move</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>ерзать</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>fidget</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>дергаться</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>twitch</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>трепетать</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>flutter</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>ystælfyn</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <sense>
                <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                  <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">шевельнуться</q>
                </tr>
                <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                  <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">get moving</q>
                </tr>
              </sense>
              <sense>
                <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(образно) </note>
                <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(figuratively) </note>
                <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                  <q>очутиться</q>
                </abv:tr>
                <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                  <q>find yourself in</q>
                </abv:tr>
              </sense>
            </sense>
          </re>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ūs qær kodta, tælfyd, jæ gænʒæxtæ caǧta, fælæ
              jæ bon nīcwal yssī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">женщина кричала, дергалась, билась, но ничего
                уже не могла сделать</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the woman screamed, twitched, struggled, but
                there was nothing she could do</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xærgæ xæryn tælfgæ ma kæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">не ерзай во время еды</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">don't fidget while eating</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">cæf syrd ma caldær xatty stælfyd, stæj
              bancad</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">раненый зверь шевельнулся еще несколько раз,
                потом затих</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the wounded beast moved a few more times, then
                fell silent</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">bæxæn æ finʒi xunk’itæ fetingdær æncæ, æ
              naræg ǧostæ stælftæncæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">у коня расширились ноздри, его узкие уши
                зашевелились</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the horse's nostrils flared and his narrow ears
                fluttered</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <date>1938</date>
              <biblScope>III 25</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wærccæ dær k’wælxgæ, tælfgæj ostiti ræzti
              fæccæwuj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">перепелка-то, прихрамывая (и) дергаясь, идет
                мимо женщин</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the quail, limping (and) twitching, walks past
                the women</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 118</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">baræg jæ bæxmæ fevzysta æmæ… xæʒary
              stælfyd</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">всадник замахнулся на коня и очутился в
                сакле</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the horseman swung at the horse and found
                himself in the hut</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сл."/></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">База <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
            <w>*tarp-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w>*terp-</w>, <w>*telp-</w>
            <gloss><q>шевелиться</q></gloss></mentioned> и пр., по всей видимости
          звукоизобразительной природы, легко распознается в ряде языков: <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tarb</w>
            <gloss><q>быстрая ходьба</q>, <q>incessus incitatus</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vullers"/>
                <biblScope>I 430—431</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
            <w>terpin</w>
            <gloss><q>спотыкаться</q>
              <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Justi-Jaba"/>
                  <biblScope>96</biblScope></bibl>)</note></gloss>, <gloss><q>топот</q>
              <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Курдоев"/>
                  <biblScope>744</biblScope></bibl>)</note></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><w>terpe-terp</w>
            <gloss><q>топот</q>, <q>биение</q>, <q>трепет (сердца)</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(там же)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>trap</w>
              <gloss><q>прыжок</q>, <q>скачок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trəpā</w>
              <gloss><q>судорожное дерганье</q>, <q>трепетание</q>,
              <q>трепыхание</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trapa</w>
              <gloss><q>прыжки</q>, <q>пляска</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trapəl</w>
              <gloss><q>прыгать</q>, <q>скакать</q>, <q>быстро бежать</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trapedəl</w>
              <gloss><q>биться</q>, <q>трепетать</q>, <q>дрожать</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Асланов"/>
                <biblScope>224</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
            <w>turf-</w> : <w>turft</w>
            <gloss><q>спотыкаться</q>, <q>оступаться</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Shaw"/>
                <biblScope>259, 264</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Пахалина"/>
                <biblScope>178</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
            <w>tpd</w> (<w type="rec">tlp-d</w>?) <gloss><q>palpitated</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>MacKenzie</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
                <date>1970</date>
                <biblScope>XXXIII 550</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hi"><lang/>
            <w>taṛap</w>
            <gloss><q>трепетать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-dardic"><lang>дард.</lang>
            <w>trap</w>
            <gloss><q>прыгать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>tṛpra-</w>, <w>tṛpala-</w>
            <gloss><q>беспокойный</q>, <q>подвижный</q>, <q>стремительный</q></gloss></mentioned>.
          Богатством вариантов представлен наш идеофон в славянских языках; привожу для краткости
          только <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang>русские</lang> факты: <w>трепет</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>трепетать</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>трепыхаться</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>телепаться</w>
            <gloss><q>болтаться</q>, <q>мотаться</q>, <q>висеть и качаться</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Даль"/></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>толпа</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">шевелящаяся масса</q></gloss></mentioned> (для
          семантики ср. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>рой</w></mentioned> от <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>реять</w></mentioned> или <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>turba</w></mentioned> и <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>turbare</w></mentioned>),
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>трепак</w>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(ср. <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
                <w>trapa</w>
                <gloss><q>пляска</q></gloss></mentioned>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>тропать</w>
            <gloss><q>топать</q></gloss></mentioned>; в каузативном значении: <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>трепать</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>теребить</w>
                (<gloss><q>дергать</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>торопить</w> (<gloss><q>заставлять шевелиться</q></gloss>)</mentioned>.<note xml:lang="ru" type="footnote">Ос. <oRef>tælfyn</oRef> и <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>телепаться</w></mentioned> исторически абсолютно идентичны, и это не случайно.
            Фонемой <c>l</c> (вместо <c>r</c>) осетинский отступает здесь от иранского и смыкается
            со славянским, как в некоторых других случаях: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zūl"><w>zūl</w>
              <gloss><q>кривой</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qælæs"><w>qælæs</w>
              <gloss><q>голос</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qūl"><w>qūl</w>
              <gloss><q>бабка</q></gloss></ref> и др. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
              <biblScope>35—41</biblScope></bibl>).</note>
          <mentioned xml:lang="prg"><lang/>
            <w>trapt</w>
            <gloss><q>ступать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="prg"><w>ertreppa</w>
            <gloss><q>переступать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>trỹpti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>trepsëti</w></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>trapinëti</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>наступать</q>, <q>топтать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
            <w>trapa</w>
            <gloss><q>толпа</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sv" extralang="no-x-dial"><lang/>
              <w>trappa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="nl"><lang/>
              <w>trappen</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>treppan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>trip</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>trippeln</w>, <w>trampeln</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>топтать</q>, <q>топать</q>, <q>семенить</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sv"><lang/>
              <w>trava</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>traben</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>бежать рысью</q></gloss> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><author>Wessén</author>.
                  <title>Våra ord. Stockholm</title>, <date>1969</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                  450</biblScope></bibl></note></mentioned>. — Другие германские варианты см.:
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Falk-Torp"/>
            <biblScope>II 1278—1279, 1280, 1283—1284, s. vv. <w>trampe</w>, <w>trave</w>,
                <w>trippe</w></biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>trepidus</w>
            <gloss><q>дрожащий</q>, <q>бьющийся</q>, <q>трепетный</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>trepidare</w>
            <gloss><q>трепетать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>turba</w>
            <gloss><q>суматоха</q>, <q>толпа</q>, <q>стая</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>turbare</w>
            <gloss><q>приводить в движение, в волнение</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>τόρβη</w>
            <gloss><q>сутолока</q>, <q>суматоха</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><w>τραρέω</w>
            <gloss><q>давить ногами (виноград)</q></gloss></mentioned>. В пользу идеофонической
          природы всей этой группы слов говорит как произвольный, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">незакономерный</q> характер звуковых вариаций, так и то, что созвучные слова близкого
          значения находим и за пределами индоевропейского. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>talpi-</w>, <w>talpən</w>
            <gloss><q>трепыхаться</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>биться</q> (например, о пойманном
              звере)</gloss>, <gloss><q>порываться</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>рваться руками и
                ногами</q> (о ребенке)</gloss>, <gloss><q>to flutter</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>terve</w>, <w>terben</w>
            <gloss><q>двигаться туда-сюда</q>, <q>качаться</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>talbi</w>
            <gloss><q>порхать</q>, <q>махать крыльями</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 896—898, 1078</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><title>Уйгур.-русск.
                  сл.</title>
                <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1968</date>, <biblScope>стр. 304</biblScope></bibl>.
              — <bibl><title>Ног.-русск. сл.</title>
                <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1963</date>, <biblScope>стр. 330</biblScope></bibl>.
              — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/> <biblScope>459</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Clauson"/>
                <biblScope>493</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="mn"><lang/>
            <w>derbe</w>
            <gloss><q>махать крыльями</q>, <q>трепыхаться</q></gloss>,
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230207T142213+0300" comment="в таких случаях надо делать отдельный gloss, чтобы было понятно, к чему относятся скобки"?><gloss><q>биться</q>
              (о птице, рыбе)</gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Lessing"/>
                <biblScope>252</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>; с метатезой:
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
              <w>täprä-</w>
              <gloss><q>двигаться</q>, <q>шевелиться</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>täprän</w>
              <gloss><q>трястись</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>taprašla</w>
              <gloss><q>болтать руками и ногами</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/> <biblScope>474</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — Осетинский глагол
          сохранился также в сращении с превербом <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><m>(y)s-</m>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><m type="rec">uz-</m></mentioned>)</note></mentioned>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_stʼælfyn"><w>st’ælfyn</w>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">uz-talp-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>вздрагивать</q> и пр.</gloss></ref> с экспрессивным <c>t’</c> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>522</biblScope></bibl>); см. также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_stʼælfæn"><w>st’ælfæn</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_stʼælf"><w>st’ælf</w></ref>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">The base <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
            <w>*tarp-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w>*terp-</w>, <w>*telp-</w>
            <gloss><q>to move</q></gloss></mentioned>, etc., apparently of an onomatopoetic nature,
          is easily recognized in a number of languages: <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tarb</w>
            <gloss><q>fast walking</q>, <q>incessus incitatus</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Vullers"/>
                <biblScope>I 430—431</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
            <w>terpin</w>
            <gloss><q>to falter</q>
              <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Justi-Jaba"/>
                  <biblScope>96</biblScope></bibl>)</note></gloss>, <gloss><q>stomping</q>
              <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Курдоев"/>
                  <biblScope>744</biblScope></bibl>)</note></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><w>terpe-terp</w>
            <gloss><q>stomping</q>, <q>beating</q>, <q>fluttering (of the heart)</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(ibid.)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>trap</w>
              <gloss><q>jump</q>, <q>leap</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trəpā</w>
              <gloss><q>convulsive twitching</q>, <q>fluttering</q>,
              <q>trembling</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trapa</w>
              <gloss><q>jumping</q>, <q>dancing</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trapəl</w>
              <gloss><q>to jump</q>, <q>to skip</q>, <q>to run fast</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><w>trapedəl</w>
              <gloss><q>to beat</q>, <q>to tremble</q>, <q>to quiver</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Асланов"/>
                <biblScope>224</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
            <w>turf-</w> : <w>turft</w>
            <gloss><q>to falter</q>, <q>to stumble</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Shaw"/>
                <biblScope>259, 264</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Пахалина"/>
                <biblScope>178</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
            <w>tpd</w> (<w type="rec">tlp-d</w>?) <gloss><q>palpitated</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>MacKenzie</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
                <date>1970</date>
                <biblScope>XXXIII 550</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hi"><lang/>
            <w>taṛap</w>
            <gloss><q>to flutter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-dardic"><lang>Dardic</lang>
            <w>trap</w>
            <gloss><q>to jump</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>tṛpra-</w>, <w>tṛpala-</w>
            <gloss><q>restless</q>, <q>agile</q>, <q>impetuous</q></gloss></mentioned>. A wealth of
          variants is represented by our ideophone in the Slavic languages; for brevity I give only
          the <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang>Russian</lang> facts: <w>trepet</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>trepetatʼ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>trepyxatʼsja</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>telepatʼsja</w>
            <gloss><q>to dangle</q>, <q>to wiggle</q>, <q>hover and sway</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Даль"/></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>tolpa</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">fluttering mass</q></gloss></mentioned> (for
          semantics cf. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>roj</w></mentioned> from
            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230320T033614+0300" comment="translation"?><mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>rejatʼ</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?> or <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>turba</w></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>turbare</w></mentioned>),
            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230320T033628+0300" comment="translation"?><mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>trepak</w>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(cf. <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
                <w>trapa</w>
                <gloss><q>dancing</q></gloss></mentioned>)</note></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>tropatʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>to stomp</q></gloss></mentioned>; in causative meaning: <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>trepatʼ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>terebitʼ</w>
                (<gloss><q>to jerk</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>toropitʼ</w> (<gloss><q>make move</q></gloss>)</mentioned>.<note type="footnote">Ossetic <oRef>tælfyn</oRef> and <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>telepatʼsja</w></mentioned> are historically absolutely identical, and this is no
            accident. The phoneme <c>l</c> (instead of <c>r</c>) Ossetic here steps back from
            Iranian and merges with Slavic, as in some other cases: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zūl"><w>zūl</w>
              <gloss><q>curve</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qælæs"><w>qælæs</w>
              <gloss><q>voice</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qūl"><w>qūl</w>
              <gloss><q>grandmother</q></gloss></ref>, etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
              <biblScope>35—41</biblScope></bibl>).</note>
          <mentioned xml:lang="prg"><lang/>
            <w>trapt</w>
            <gloss><q>to step</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="prg"><w>ertreppa</w>
            <gloss><q>to step over</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>trỹpti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>trepsëti</w></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>trapinëti</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>to step on</q>, <q>to trample on</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
            <w>trapa</w>
            <gloss><q>crowd</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sv" extralang="no-x-dial"><lang/>
              <w>trappa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="nl"><lang/>
              <w>trappen</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>treppan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>trip</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>trippeln</w>, <w>trampeln</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>trample</q>, <q>stomp</q>, <q>to walk in frequent, small
            steps</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sv"><lang/>
              <w>trava</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>traben</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>to trottle</q></gloss> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><author>Wessén</author>.
                  <title>Våra ord. Stockholm</title>, <date>1969</date>, <biblScope>p.
                  450</biblScope></bibl></note></mentioned>. — For other Germanic variants see:
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Falk-Torp"/>
            <biblScope>II 1278—1279, 1280, 1283—1284, s. vv. <w>trampe</w>, <w>trave</w>,
                <w>trippe</w></biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>trepidus</w>
            <gloss><q>trembling</q>, <q>beating</q>, <q>trembling</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>trepidare</w>
            <gloss><q>to flutter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>turba</w>
            <gloss><q>turmoil</q>, <q>crowd</q>, <q>flock</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>turbare</w>
            <gloss><q>to set in motion, in excitement</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>τόρβη</w>
            <gloss><q>bustle</q>, <q>turmoil</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><w>τραρέω</w>
            <gloss><q>to crush with your feet (grapes)</q></gloss></mentioned>. The onomatopoetic
          nature of this group of words is supported by the arbitrary, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">irregular</q> nature of the sound variations, as well as
          by the fact that we find consonant words of close meaning outside of Indo-European. Cf.
            <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>talpi-</w>, <w>talpən</w>
            <gloss><q>to flutter</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>to beat</q> (e.g., about a caught
              beast)</gloss>, <gloss><q>to rush</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>to twitch with hands and
                feet</q> (about the child)</gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>terve</w>, <w>terben</w>
            <gloss><q>move back and forth</q>, <q>to swing</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>talbi</w>
            <gloss><q>to flutter</q>, <q>to flap wings</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 896—898, 1078</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><title>Ujgursko-russkij
                  slovarʹ</title> [Uyghur-Russian dictionary]
                <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1968</date>, <biblScope>p.
              304</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><title>Nogajsko-russkij slovarʹ</title> [Nogai-Russian
                  dictionary]
                <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1963</date>, <biblScope>p.
              330</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>459</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Clauson"/>
                <biblScope>493</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="mn"><lang/>
            <w>derbe</w>
            <gloss><q>to flap wings</q>, <q>to flutter</q></gloss>,
                <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230207T142213+0300" comment="в таких случаях надо делать отдельный gloss, чтобы было понятно, к чему относятся скобки"?><gloss><q>to
                beat</q> (about a bird, a fish)</gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Lessing"/>
                <biblScope>252</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>; with metathesis:
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
              <w>täprä-</w>
              <gloss><q>to move</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>täprän</w>
              <gloss><q>to shake</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>taprašla</w>
              <gloss><q>to dangle arms and legs</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>474</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — The Ossetic verb is also
          preserved in conjunction with preverb <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><m>(y)s-</m>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><m type="rec">uz-</m></mentioned>)</note></mentioned>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_stʼælfyn"><w>st’ælfyn</w>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">uz-talp-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>to flinch</q>, etc.</gloss></ref> with expressive <c>t’</c> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>522</biblScope></bibl>); see also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_stʼælfæn"><w>st’ælfæn</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_stʼælf"><w>st’ælf</w></ref>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>