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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wæl-</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_wæl-" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d4126e66" type="lemma"><orth>wæl-</orth><form type="variant"><orth>wælæ</orth></form></form>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (послелог и наречие)</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (postposition and adverb)</note>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d4126e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>на</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>on</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>над</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>over</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>наверху</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>above</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>super</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q><foreign>super</foreign></q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wældær"><w>wældær</w>
            <gloss><q>выше</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælæmæ"><w>wælæmæ</w>
            <gloss><q>вверх</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælijæ"><w>wælyjæ</w>
              (<w>wælijæ</w>, <w>wæle</w>) <gloss><q>сверху</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæliaw"><w>wælijaw</w>
            <gloss><q>высоко</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wællag"><w>wællag</w>
            <gloss><q>верхний</q></gloss></ref>; в первой части сложных слов: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælart"><w>wælart</w>
            <gloss><q>на огне</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælarv"><w>wælarv</w>
            <gloss><q>небо</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælaxīz"><w>wælaxīz</w>
            <gloss><q>превосходство</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>победа</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælædaræs"><w>wælædaræs</w>
            <gloss><q>одежда</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælæftaw"><w>wælæftaw</w>
            <gloss><q>накидка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælæmxasæn"><w>wælæmxasæn</w>
            <gloss><q>добавка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælbædæn"><w>wælbædæn</w>
            <gloss><q>лобок</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælbæx6æj9"><w>wælbæxæj</w>
            <gloss><q>верхом</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælbyl"><w>wælbyl</w>
            <gloss><q>над откосом</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>над обрывом</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wældaj"><w>wældaj</w>
            <gloss><q>лишний</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>излишек</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wældæf"><w>wældæf</w>
            <gloss><q>воздух</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælfad"><w>wælfad</w>
            <gloss><q>подъем ноги</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælgom"><w>wælgommæ</w>
            <gloss><q>навзничь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>лицом вверх</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælivyx"><w>wælivyx</w>
            <gloss><q>пирог с сыром</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælkʼæsær"><w>wælkʼæsær</w>
            <gloss><q>над порогом</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælkʼæj"><w>wælkʼæj-ʒykka</w>
            <gloss><q>название кушанья</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælmærd6tæ9"><w>wælmærd</w>
            <gloss><q>кладбище</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælqūs"><w>wælqūs</w>
            <gloss><q>возле</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæltʼyfal"><w>wæltʼyfal</w>
            <gloss><q>верхнее веко</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælvæd"><w>wælvæd</w>
            <gloss><q>по свежим следам</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вскоре</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>сразу</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælvændag"><w>wælvændag</w>
            <gloss><q>над дорогой</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælvæz"><w>wælvæz</w>
            <gloss><q>ровная возвышенность</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælxæʒar"><w>wælxæʒar</w>
            <gloss><q>крыша</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælxox"><w>wælxox</w>
            <gloss><q>нагорье</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>нагорный</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælx0yjæg"><w>wælx˳yjæg</w>
            <gloss><q>подметка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælzæx"><w>wælzæxx</w>
            <gloss><q>на земле</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>наземный</q></gloss></ref> и др.; во второй
          части сложного слова: <w>æddægwælæ</w>
          <gloss><q>этаж</q></gloss>
          <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 164</biblScope></bibl>)</note></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wældær"><w>wældær</w>
            <gloss><q>higher above</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælæmæ"><w>wælæmæ</w>
            <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælijæ"><w>wælyjæ</w>
              (<w>wælijæ</w>, <w>wæle</w>) <gloss><q>from above</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæliaw"><w>wælijaw</w>
            <gloss><q>high above</q></gloss></ref>; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wællag"><w>wællag</w>
            <gloss><q>upper</q></gloss></ref>; in the first part of compounds: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælart"><w>wælart</w>
            <gloss><q>on the fire</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælarv"><w>wælarv</w>
            <gloss><q>sky</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælaxīz"><w>wælaxīz</w>
            <gloss><q>supremacy</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>victory</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælædaræs"><w>wælædaræs</w>
            <gloss><q>clothes</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælæftaw"><w>wælæftaw</w>
            <gloss><q>cape</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælæmxasæn"><w>wælæmxasæn</w>
            <gloss><q>addition</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælbædæn"><w>wælbædæn</w>
            <gloss><q><foreign>mons pubis</foreign></q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælbæx6æj9"><w>wælbæxæj</w>
            <gloss><q>on horseback</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælbyl"><w>wælbyl</w>
            <gloss><q>over a slope</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>over a precipice</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wældaj"><w>wældaj</w>
            <gloss><q>superfluous</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>surplus</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wældæf"><w>wældæf</w>
            <gloss><q>air</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælfad"><w>wælfad</w>
            <gloss><q>instep (of a foot)</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælgom"><w>wælgommæ</w>
            <gloss><q>one one’s back</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>face up</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælivyx"><w>wælivyx</w>
            <gloss><q>cheese pie</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælkʼæsær"><w>wælkʼæsær</w>
            <gloss><q>over the doorstep</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælkʼæj"><w>wælkʼæj-ʒykka</w>
            <gloss><q>name of a dish</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælmærd6tæ9"><w>wælmærd</w>
            <gloss><q>cemetery</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælqūs"><w>wælqūs</w>
            <gloss><q>beside</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæltʼyfal"><w>wæltʼyfal</w>
            <gloss><q>upper eyelid</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælvæd"><w>wælvæd</w>
            <gloss><q>hot on the heels</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>before long</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>immediately</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælvændag"><w>wælvændag</w>
            <gloss><q>over a road</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælvæz"><w>wælvæz</w>
            <gloss><q>flat elevation</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælxæʒar"><w>wælxæʒar</w>
            <gloss><q>roof</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælxox"><w>wælxox</w>
            <gloss><q>upland</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>highland (adj.)</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælx0yjæg"><w>wælx˳yjæg</w>
            <gloss><q>sole</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wælzæx"><w>wælzæxx</w>
            <gloss><q>on the ground</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ground (adj.)</q></gloss></ref> etc.; in
          the second part of compounds: <w>æddægwælæ</w>
          <gloss><q>storey</q></gloss>
          <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 164</biblScope></bibl>)</note></note>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"><w>dæl-</w>,
              <w>dælæ</w>
            <gloss><q>внизу</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>под</q></gloss></ref>. </note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; ant. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"><w>dæl-</w>,
              <w>dælæ</w>
            <gloss><q>below</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>under</q></gloss></ref>. </note>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">При указании на направление гласный может экспрессивно
          усилиться (<c>а</c> вместо <c>æ</c>): <w>walæ</w>
          <gloss><q>вон наверху</q></gloss>, ср.
            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231114T005520+0300" comment="как будто бы нет в 1 т."?><mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>dalæ</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?> рядом с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"><w>dælæ</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wærtæ"><w>wartæ</w> рядом с <w>wærtæ</w></ref>. </note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">When indicating direction, the vowel can be expressively
          strengthened (<c>а</c> for <c>æ</c>): <w>walæ</w>
          <gloss><q>up there</q></gloss>, cf.
            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231114T005520+0300" comment="как будто бы нет в 1 т."?><mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>dalæ</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?> alongside <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"><w>dælæ</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wærtæ"><w>wartæ</w> alongside <w>wærtæ</w></ref>. </note>
        <formGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment">В дигорском
            встречается также форма </note>
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment">In Digor there is
            another attested form </note>
          <form xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="dialectal" xml:lang="os"><orth>æwælæ</orth>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Æduli"/>
                <biblScope>72</biblScope></bibl>)</note></form>
        </formGrp>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ <oRef>wælæ</oRef> īsty skæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">надень на себя что-либо</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">put something on you</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>wælæ</oRef> lægæty dywwæ
              xæjræǵy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">наверху в пещере два черта</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">up in the cave (there are) two demons</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>99</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>wælæ</oRef> xalon fætæxy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вон наверху летит ворона</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">up over there a crow is flying</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>wælæ</oRef> arvæj zænxi astæw…</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вон наверху между небом и землей…</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">up over there between the sky and the
                earth…</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
              <biblScope>253</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æ <oRef>wælæ</oRef> saw kærdagæ kard
              ærbasta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">на себе повязал черную острую саблю</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">tied up on himself a black sharp sabre</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Диг._сказ."/>
              <biblScope>53</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>walæ</oRef> faxsi… fæ-cæj-æskʼæruj æ
              ʒogæ Guʒuna</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вон наверху по склону гонит свое стадо
                Гудзуна</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">up over there Gudzuna is driving his flock over
                the slope</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>46</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">budurti… <oRef>rawælæ uncæ</oRef>
              lasgutæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">на равнине возвышаются копны (сена)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">on the plain shocks (of hay) are standing
                high</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1934 III–IV 86</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ew sæwmæ Soslan ragigomaw <oRef>rawælæ
                ’j</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в одно утро Сослан встал довольно рано</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">one morning Soslan woke up rather early</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 37</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Восходит к <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
              <w>upari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">uperi</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>наверху</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
                <biblScope>1105</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Развитие <c>p</c> → <c>w</c>
          (вместо ожидаемого <c>p</c> → <c>f</c>) наблюдается и в некоторых других случаях: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xawyn"><w>xawyn</w>
            <gloss><q>падать</q></gloss></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">kap-</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæw"><w>cæw</w>
            <gloss><q>козел</q></gloss></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">čap-</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼīw"><w>cʼīw</w>
            <gloss><q>птенец</q></gloss></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">cip</w></mentioned>). Поэтому нет надобности отрывать <oRef>wæl-</oRef> от <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">upari</w></mentioned> и сближать с <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>avarə</w>, <w>aora</w>
            <gloss><q>вниз</q></gloss></mentioned>, как предлагает <bibl><author>Benveniste</author>
              (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Benveniste._Etudes">Etudes</ref>
            <biblScope>31</biblScope>)</bibl>. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>bar</w>, <w>abar</w>, <w>avar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>apar</w>, <w>awar</w>, <w>wal</w>, <w>ul</w></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa-x-dial"><lang>перс.</lang>
              <note type="comment">(диал.)</note>
              <w>ul</w>, <w>vir</w>
              <gloss><q>на</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>над</q></gloss>
              <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231114T011020+0300" comment="неясно, к чему именно относится"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Horn._Gr."/>
                  <biblScope>44—45</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>,
                    <biblScope>Abt. I, стр. 56, Abt. II, стр. 192</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Junker._Frahang"/>
                  <biblScope>23</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
            <w>ber</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hac"><lang/>
            <w>var</w></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="zza"><lang/>
              <w>war</w>
              <gloss><q>перед</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>на</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231114T011103+0300" comment="неясно, к чему относится"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>, <biblScope>Abt. III, Bd. II,
                  стр. 288, Bd. IV, стр.
            94</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
            <w>war-</w>
            <gloss><q>на</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вверх</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Tomaschek"/>
                <biblScope>838</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
            <w>wāriy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ydg"><lang/>
            <w>woru</w>
            <gloss><q>верхний</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
            <w>bar</w>, <w>bara</w>
            <gloss><q>на</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">не обязательно
                  заимствовано из персидского</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._EVP"/>
                  <biblScope>15</biblScope></bibl></quote>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>vīrə</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Leumann"/>
                <biblScope>501</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>vīra</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_NTS"/>
                <biblScope>1949 XV 123</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>upairi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
            <w>upariy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>upari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="got"><lang/>
            <w>ufar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>ubari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>über</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>over</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>super</w>
            <note type="comment">(о начальном <c>s-</c> см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Ernout-Meillet"/>
                <biblScope>993</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>ὑπέρ</w>
            <gloss><q>над</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>наверху</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>сверх</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
              <phr>i ver</phr>
              <gloss><q>наверх</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>verev</w>
              <gloss><q>наверху</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="comment">(<bibl><author>Pisani</author>, <title>Philologia
                  Orientalis</title>, <biblScope>IV, стр. 40</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.
          Из иранского идут, возможно, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="x-mordvin"><lang/>
              <w>veŕe</w>, <w>väŕä</w>
              <gloss><q>вверху</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="myv"><note type="comment">(эрзя)</note>
              <w>veŕga</w>
              <gloss><q>высоко</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>Toivonen</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_FUF"/>
                <biblScope>XVIII 186—187</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Joki._UuI"/>
                <biblScope>342</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Из осетинского идет,
          вероятно, <mentioned xml:lang="ka-x-rachian"><lang>груз.</lang>
            <note type="comment">(рачин.)</note>
            <w>olo</w>
            <gloss><q>возвышенное место</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(сообщение Ш. В. <name>Дзидзигури</name>)</note></mentioned>. — В
          послеложном употреблении ос. <oRef/> ← <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>upari</w></mentioned>
          стало <mentioned xml:lang="os"><gloss>падежным окончанием местного внешнего падежа</gloss>
            <m xml:lang="os-x-iron">-(w)yl</m><m xml:lang="os-x-digor">-bæl</m></mentioned>:
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><phr type="rec">kam upari</phr></mentioned> → oc. <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kæwyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">ka-bæl</w>
            <gloss><q>на ком</q></gloss></mentioned> и т. п. — Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"><w>dælæ</w></ref>
            (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">adari</w></mentioned>).<lb/><bibl>Вс.
              <author>Миллер</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
            <biblScope>II 89, III 158</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>60</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Goes back to <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
              <w>upari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">uperi</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>up above</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
                <biblScope>1105</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The development <c>p</c> →
            <c>w</c> (instead of the expected <c>p</c> → <c>f</c>) is also found in some other
          cases: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xawyn"><w>xawyn</w>
            <gloss><q>fall</q></gloss></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">kap-</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæw"><w>cæw</w>
            <gloss><q>he-goat</q></gloss></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">čap-</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cʼīw"><w>cʼīw</w>
            <gloss><q>fledgling</q></gloss></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">cip</w></mentioned>). Therefore there is not need to separate <oRef>wæl-</oRef> from
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">upari</w></mentioned> and bring it together with
            <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>avarə</w>, <w>aora</w>
            <gloss><q>downwards</q></gloss></mentioned>, as proposed by
              <bibl><author>Benveniste</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Benveniste._Etudes">Études</ref>
            <biblScope>31</biblScope>)</bibl>. Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>bar</w>, <w>abar</w>, <w>avar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>apar</w>, <w>awar</w>, <w>wal</w>, <w>ul</w></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa-x-dial"><lang>Persian</lang>
              <note type="comment">(dialectal)</note>
              <w>ul</w>, <w>vir</w>
              <gloss><q>on</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>over</q></gloss>
              <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231114T011020+0300" comment="неясно, к чему именно относится"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Horn._Gr."/>
                  <biblScope>44—45</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>,
                    <biblScope>Abt. I, p. 56, Abt. II, p. 192</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Junker._Frahang"/>
                  <biblScope>23</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
            <w>ber</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hac"><lang/>
            <w>var</w></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="zza"><lang/>
              <w>war</w>
              <gloss><q>before</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>on</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231114T011103+0300" comment="неясно, к чему относится"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>, <biblScope>Abt. III, Bd. II,
                  p. 288, Bd. IV, p. 94</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
            <w>war-</w>
            <gloss><q>on</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Tomaschek"/>
                <biblScope>838</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
            <w>wāriy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ydg"><lang/>
            <w>woru</w>
            <gloss><q>upper</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
            <w>bar</w>, <w>bara</w>
            <gloss><q>on</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">not necessarily borr.
                  from Prs.</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._EVP"/>
                  <biblScope>15</biblScope></bibl></quote>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>vīrə</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Leumann"/>
                <biblScope>501</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>vīra</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_NTS"/>
                <biblScope>1949 XV 123</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>upairi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
            <w>upariy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>upari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="got"><lang/>
            <w>ufar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>ubari</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>über</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>over</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>super</w>
            <note type="comment">(on the initial <c>s-</c> see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Ernout-Meillet"/>
                <biblScope>993</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>ὑπέρ</w>
            <gloss><q>over</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>up above</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>beyond</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
              <phr>i ver</phr>
              <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>verev</w>
              <gloss><q>up above</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="comment">(<bibl><author>Pisani</author>, <title>Philologia
                  Orientalis</title>, <biblScope>IV, p. 40</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.
          From Iranian possibly come <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="x-mordvin"><lang/>
              <w>veŕe</w>, <w>väŕä</w>
              <gloss><q>up above</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="myv"><note type="comment">(Erzya)</note>
              <w>veŕga</w>
              <gloss><q>high above</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>Toivonen</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_FUF"/>
                <biblScope>XVIII 186–187</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Joki._UuI"/>
                <biblScope>342</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. From Ossetic possibly comes
            <mentioned xml:lang="ka-x-rachian"><lang>Georgian</lang>
            <note type="comment">(Rachian)</note>
            <w>olo</w>
            <gloss><q>elevated place</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(communication of Š. V.
          <name>Dzidziguri</name>)</note></mentioned>. — In postpositional usage Ossetic <oRef/> ←
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>upari</w></mentioned> became <mentioned xml:lang="os"><gloss>the marker of the superessive case</gloss>
            <m xml:lang="os-x-iron">-(w)yl</m><m xml:lang="os-x-digor">-bæl</m></mentioned>:
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><phr type="rec">kam upari</phr></mentioned> → Ossetic
            <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">kæwyl</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">ka-bæl</w>
            <gloss><q>on whom</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. — Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dæl-"><w>dælæ</w></ref> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">adari</w></mentioned>).<lb/><bibl>Ws. <author>Miller</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OÈ</ref>
            <biblScope>II 89, III 158</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>60</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>