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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xalas</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_xalas" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d5860e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>xalas</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>xalasæ</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d5860e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>иней</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>hoarfrost</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">переносно </note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">metaphorically </note>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>седина</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>grey hair</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>xalasʒaǧd</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">поседевший</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">turned gray</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>с проседью</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>touched with gray</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">тронутый
                    инеем</q></gloss>)</note>
              <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">touched
                    with hoarfrost</q></gloss>)</note>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ærægvæzzægmæ atyxst q˳yddag; rajsomæj
                <oRef>xalas</oRef> æværyn bajdydta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">дело затянулось до поздней осени; по утрам стал
                садиться иней</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the case dragged on till late autumn; hoarfrost
                began to occur in the mornings</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>III 57</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wælxæʒaryl <oRef>xalas</oRef> tadī æmæ xūrmæ
              cæxærtæ kaldta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">на крыше таял иней и ярко блестел на солнце</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hoarfrost was melting on the roof, and [it] was
                shining brightly in the sun</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <date>1971</date>
              <biblScope>III 54</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">rajsom raǵy... <oRef>xalas</oRef> caryl ūrs
              qædabajaw ysbadt</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">утром рано... на потолок, подобно белому
                бархату, сел иней</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">early in the morning... the ceiling, as white
                velvet, covered hoarfrost</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Niger"/>
              <biblScope>154</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xæʒary wælaʒæntæ <oRef>xalas</oRef>
              sæværttoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">потолочные балки сакли покрылись инеем</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ceiling beams of a house were covered with
                hoarfrost</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mīt fælʒæǧæg xæʒary kʼūltyl
                <oRef>xalas</oRef> æværdta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">снежная метель покрывала стены сакли инеем</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a snow storm covered the walls of a house with
                hoarfrost</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>102</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">tyrǧy kʼūltæ æmæ īw car mīdægæj xalas
              sæværdtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">стены и потолок прихожей покрывались внутри
                инеем</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the walls and the ceiling in the hallway were
                covering with frost from the inside</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Arsen"/>
              <biblScope>232</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Girgolæn jæ saw rīxītæ ærægvæzæǵy fæsalaw
                <oRef>fæxalas</oRef> sty</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">черные усы Джиргола поседели, как трава поздней
                осенью</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the black moustache of Dzhirgol turned gray, as
                grass in late autumn</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>30</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">cardy tymyǧtæ jyn... jæ særyl
                <oRef>xalas</oRef> ærkaldtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">жизненные бури покрыли его голову инеем
                (сединой)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">storms of life covered his head with hoarfrost
                (with grey hair)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <date>1972</date>
              <biblScope>VI 10</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ærtæx... xalasæ... tumuǧ...</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">роса... иней... метель...</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dew... hoarfrost... snow storm...</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_FS"/>
              <biblScope>I 14</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mæ madæ, kud fedawun mæ bæxi raǧi? — kuʒi
              læxæbæl <oRef>xalasæ</oRef> kud fedawuj ærægvæzzæg e otæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мать, как я красуюсь (выгляжу) на своем коне? —
                как красуется на собачьем дерьме иней поздней осенью</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mother, how do I look on my horse? — as
                hoarfrost flaunts on dog's excrements in late autumn</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 69</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">oni ’xsæn læg næ fæwwidtajdæ orsalistæ,
                <oRef>xalasʒaǧd</oRef> læg</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">среди них нельзя было увидеть человека
                поседевшего, тронутого инеем человека</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">among them one couldn't see a person with grey
                hair, a person touched with hoarfrost</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <date>1940</date>
              <biblScope>III 50</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Вс. Миллер, сопоставляя <oRef/> с <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>χάλαζα</w>
            <gloss><q>град</q></gloss></mentioned> (еще у <name>Гомера</name>), осторожно замечает:
              <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Wohl nur zufälliger Anklang</q></quote>.
          Действительно, о заимствовании в ту или другую сторону не приходится думать: нет для этого
          исторического контекста. Исконное родство тоже, казалось бы, отпадает в силу звуковых
          отношений: греческое слово предполагает базу <w type="rec">ghel-</w> (с удлинением — <w type="rec">ghel(ə)d-</w>), тогда как в осетинском <c>gh-</c> должно было дать <c>γ</c>
            (<c>q</c>), но не <c>x</c>. Однако можно считать установленным, что индоевропейские
          звонкие придыхательные <c>bh</c>, <c>dh</c>, <c>gh</c> в некоторых случаях давали в
          иранском, в частности в осетинском, глухие фрикативы <c>f</c>, <c>v</c>, <c>х</c>,
          совершенно как в греческом. Для развития <c>bh</c> → <c>f</c> см. ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wafyn"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Naf"/>. Для <c>dh</c> → <c>θ</c>
          см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tīw"/>. В слове <oRef/> можно допускать развитие
            <c>х</c> из <c>gh</c>, как в <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>χάλαζα</w></mentioned>. Такие случаи, когда то, что в одном из родственных языков
          выступает как норма, в другом наблюдается лишь как исключение, мы называем перекрестными
          изоглоссами (см.: <bibl><title>Этимология 1966</title>, <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>,
              <date>1968</date>, <biblScope>стр. 247—263</biblScope></bibl>; см. также:
              <bibl><author>Hоlmer</author>. <title>On the <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">crosswise intersectant</q> aspect of phonetic evolution within two linguistic
              families of the Oceanian area</title>. <publisher>В сб.: Вопросы иранской и общей
              филологии</publisher>, <pubPlace>Тбилиси</pubPlace>, <date>1977</date>,
              <biblScope>стр. 297—303</biblScope></bibl>). Стало быть, исконное родство между ос.
          <oRef/> и <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>χάλαζα</w></mentioned> не исключено (при общей базе в осетинском имеем формант
            <m>-so-</m>, как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qælæs"><w>qælæs</w>
            <gloss><q>голос</q></gloss></ref> и др.). Сюда можно отнести и <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>chladъ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>холод</w></mentioned>, где также <c>х-</c> из <c>gh-</c>. Выражаясь терминами
          перекрестных изоглосс, можно сказать, что <c>x-</c> в ос. <oRef/> и <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>холод</w></mentioned> — это <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">грецизм</q> в скифском
          и славянском. <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller_IF_21"/>, <biblScope>стр.
              334</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Ws. Miller, comparing <oRef/> with <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>χάλαζα</w>
            <gloss><q>hail</q></gloss></mentioned> (already in the works of <name>Homer</name>),
          notices cautiously: <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Wohl nur zufälliger
              Anklang</q></quote>. Indeed, one don't have to think about borrowing in either
          direction: there is no historical context for it. The original relation is also, it seems,
          not possible because of phonetic correspondences: the Greek word presupposes the base <w type="rec">ghel-</w> (with lengthening — <w type="rec">ghel(ə)d-</w>), whereas in
          Ossetic <c>gh-</c> would have to result in <c>γ</c> (<c>q</c>), but not in <c>x</c>.
          Hovewer, it may be considered established that the Indo-European voiced aspirated
          consonants <c>bh</c>, <c>dh</c>, <c>gh</c> in some cases in Iranian, in particulat in
          Ossetic, resulted in the voiceless fricatives <c>f</c>, <c>v</c>, <c>х</c>, perfectly as
          it was in Greek. For the development <c>bh</c> → <c>f</c> see Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wafyn"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Naf"/>. For <c>dh</c> → <c>θ</c>
          see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tīw"/>. In the word <oRef/> one may assume the
          development of <c>х</c> from <c>gh</c>, as in <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>χάλαζα</w></mentioned>. Such cases, when something that acts as a norm in one of the
          related languages occurs only as an exception in another language, we call crosswise
          izoglosses (see: <bibl><title>Ètimologija 1966</title> [<title>The etymology
            1966</title>], <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1968</date>, <biblScope>p.
              247—263</biblScope></bibl>; see also: <bibl><author>Hоlmer</author>. <title>On the <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">crosswise intersectant</q> aspect of phonetic
              evolution within two linguistic families of the Oceanian area</title>. <publisher>In
              vol.: Voprosy iranskoj I obščej filologii</publisher> [<title>Issues of the Iranian
              and general philology</title>], <pubPlace>Tbilisi</pubPlace>, <date>1977</date>,
              <biblScope>p. 297—303</biblScope></bibl>). Thus, the original relationship between
          Ossetic <oRef/> and <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>χάλαζα</w></mentioned> is not excluded (if we assume the common base, in Ossetic we
          have the formant <m>-so-</m>, as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qælæs"><w>qælæs</w>
            <gloss><q>voice</q></gloss></ref>, etc.). Cognates may be <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>chladъ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>xolod</w></mentioned>, where <c>х-</c> is also from <c>gh-</c>. Speaking in terms of
          the theory of crosswise izoglosses, we may say that <c>x-</c> in Ossetic <oRef/> and
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>xolod</w></mentioned> is a <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">graecism</q> in Scythian
          and Slavic.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller_IF_21"/>, <biblScope>p.
              334</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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