<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tuskʼa</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_tuskʼa" xml:lang="os-x-digor" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d3524e66" type="lemma"><orth>tuskʼa</orth></form>
        <usg><lang/></usg>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d3524e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>кабан</q>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>wild boar</q>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0y_1" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>nælx˳y</w>
            <gloss>id</gloss></ref></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0y_1" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>nælx˳y</w>
            <gloss>id</gloss></ref></note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">rawidton: ars æmæ <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> kæræʒej
              tonuncæ; ars raliǧdæj, æ xælærdtæ zænxæbæl lasgæ; <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> æj næ
              waʒuj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">я увидел: медведь и кабан терзают друг друга;
                медведь убежал, волоча кишки по земле; кабан от него не отстает</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I saw: a bear and a boar torment each other;
                the bear fled, dragging its guts on the ground; the boar is not far behind him</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/>
              <biblScope>II 54</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sag æma ʒæbodur, ǧolon <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> ma
              dombaj kodtoncæ ewmæ coppaj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">олень и тур, полосатый кабан и зубр вели вместе
                (хоровод) <ref type="xr" target="#entry_coppaj">цоппай</ref></q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a deer and a tour, a striped boar and a bison
                led a round dance <ref type="xr" target="#entry_coppaj">coppaj</ref> together</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Æmburdgond"/>
              <biblScope>106</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sag din ramaron ævi <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef>? —
                <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> nard kū wa, wæddær sag kadgindær æj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">оленя тебе убить или кабана? — если даже кабан
                жирный, все же олень почетнее</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">do you want me to kill a deer or a boar for
                you? — even if the boar is fat, the deer is still more honourable</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
              <biblScope>176</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Binigor... <oRef>tuskʼaj</oRef> rakæstaw
              kodta ma ʽj ew bælasbæl ærawiǧta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Бинигор освежевал кабана и повесил его (тушу)
                на одно дерево</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Binigor skinned a boar and hung its (carcass)
                on a tree</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
              <biblScope>II 303</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Скифо-германская изоглосса; ср. <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="non"><lang/>
              <w>toskr</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ofs"><lang/>
              <w>tusk</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>tusc</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>tusk</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>клык</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><w>tusky</w>
            <gloss><q>клыкастый</q></gloss></mentioned>. Формант <m>-a</m> означает здесь наличие
          какого-либо признака, как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒwar"><phr>ʒwarsa (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæw"/>)</phr>
            <gloss><q>кресторогий (козел)</q></gloss></ref> (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒwar"><w>ʒwar</w>
            <gloss><q>крест</q></gloss></ref> + <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sy"><w>sy</w>
            <gloss><q>рог</q></gloss></ref> + <m>a</m>). Стало быть, <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> означает
          «клыкастый», «tusky». Смычно-гортанный <c>kʼ</c> нередко появляется после <c>s</c> даже в
          исконно иранских словах, как <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0yskʼ"><w>x˳yskʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>сухой</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_lyskʼ"><w>lyskʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>гнида</q></gloss></ref> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>524</biblScope></bibl>). Наличие в осетинском скифо-германских изоглосс не
          вызывает сомнений; см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_færv"><w>færv</w>
            <gloss><q>ольха</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tillæg"><w>tillæg</w>
            <gloss><q>урожай</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ræxys"><w>ræxys</w>
            <gloss><q>цепь</q></gloss></ref> и др. Свидетельствуется также скифским собственным
          именем из Ольвии <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Θυσκης</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Латышев"/>
                <biblScope>I<hi rendition="#rend_superscript">2</hi> №
              104</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — От <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> образована
          фамилия <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>Tuskʼatæ</w>
            <gloss><q>Тускаевы</q></gloss><note type="comment"> = <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Кабановы</q></note></mentioned>. Вероятно, сюда же мегрельская фамилия <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><w>Tʼuskʼia</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Андроникашвили"/>
                <biblScope>61, 141</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Исконно иранским
          названием кабана было <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæraz"/>. Оно было заменено (под
          влиянием табу?) <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef>, но сохранилось в личных именах <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæraz"><w>Wæraz</w></ref>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Wæræzmæg</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wyryzmæg"/>. — Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵir"><w>ǵīr</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒærǧ"/>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0y_1"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qybyl"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>26, 133</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>185</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">A
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T010902+0300" comment="?"?>Scythian-Germanic
          isogloss<?oxy_comment_end ?>; cf. <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="non"><lang/>
              <w>toskr</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ofs"><lang/>
              <w>tusk</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>tusc</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
              <w>tusk</w></mentioned></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><w>tusky</w></mentioned>. The formant <m>-a</m> means here the presence of some feature,
          as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒwar"><phr>ʒwarsa (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæw"/>)</phr>
            <gloss><q>cross-horned (goat)</q></gloss></ref> (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒwar"><w>ʒwar</w>
            <gloss><q>cross</q></gloss></ref> + <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sy"><w>sy</w>
            <gloss><q>horn</q></gloss></ref> + <m>a</m>). Thus, <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> means <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">tusky</q>. The <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T011011+0300" comment="явно не так))"?>stop-laryngeal<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          <c>kʼ</c> often appears after <c>s</c> even in original Iranian words, like <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0yskʼ"><w>x˳yskʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>dry</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_lyskʼ"><w>lyskʼ</w>
            <gloss><q>louse</q></gloss></ref> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>524</biblScope></bibl>). The presence of Scythian-Germanic isoglosses in
          Ossetic is beyond doubt; see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_færv"><w>færv</w>
            <gloss><q>alder</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tillæg"><w>tillæg</w>
            <gloss><q>harvest</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ræxys"><w>ræxys</w>
            <gloss><q>chain</q></gloss></ref> etc. It is also evidenced by a Scythian proper name
          from Olbia <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Θυσκης</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Латышев"/>
                <biblScope>I<hi rendition="#rend_superscript">2</hi> №
              104</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — From <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef> the surname
            <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>Tuskʼatæ</w>
            <gloss><q>Tuskaevs</q></gloss><note type="comment"> = <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">B<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T011237+0300" comment="так?)))"?>oar<?oxy_comment_end ?>son</q></note></mentioned>
          is derived. Probably, the Mingrelian surname <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><w>Tʼuskʼia</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Андроникашвили"/>
                <biblScope>61, 141</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> is also related as well.
          The original Iranian name of the boar was <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæraz"/>. It was
          replaced (under the influence of taboo?) by <oRef>tuskʼa</oRef>, but has been preserved in
          personal names <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæraz"><w>Wæraz</w></ref>, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Wæræzmæg</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wyryzmæg"/>. —
          Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵir"><w>ǵīr</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒærǧ"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0y_1"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qybyl"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>26, 133</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>185</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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