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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ᵆXsærtæg</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_7Xsærtæg" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>ᵆXsærtæg</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>Æxsærtæg</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <def xml:lang="ru">one of the heroes of the folk epic <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Narts</q>; son of Varhag, twin brother of (Æ)khsar; he married the daughter of the
            ruler of the underwater kingdom, Donbettyr; he killed his brother; he became the
            ancestor of the Nart surname <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>(Æ)xsærtæggatæ</w>
              <gloss><q>(A)ksartags</q></gloss></mentioned>, to which the most famous heroes —
            Shatana, Uryzmag, Khamyts, Soslan (Sozryko), Batraz — belong</def>
          <def xml:lang="en">one of the heroes of the folk epic <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Narts</q>; son of Varhag, twin brother of (A)khsar; he married the ruler of the
            underwater kingdomʼs daughter, Donbetra; he killed his brother; he became the ancestor
            of the Nart family <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>(Æ)xsærtæggatæ</w>
              <gloss><q>(A)xsartags</q></gloss></mentioned>, to which the most famous heroes belong
            — Shatana, Uryzmag, Khamyts, Soslan (Sozryko), Batradz</def>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Nartæn sæ xīstær Wærxæg wydīs. Wærxægæn
              rajg˳yrdīs dywwæ læppūjy fazzættæ... Wærxæǵy læppūtyl næmttæ sæværdta wælarv
              K˳yrdalægon: xīstæryl (Æ)xsar, kastæryl — <oRef>(Æ)xsærtæg</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the oldest of the Narts was Varhag. Varhag gave
                birth to two twin boys. The sons of Varhag were named by the heavenly (blacksmith)
                Kurdalagon: the eldest (A)khsar, the youngest (A)khsartag</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the oldest of the Narts was Varhag. Varhag gave
                birth to two twin boys. The sons of Varhag were named by the heavenly (blacksmith)
                Kurdalagon: the eldest one (A)khsar, the youngest one (A)khsartag</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
              <biblScope>3</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">syrdagūr cydysty Wærxægæn jæ fyrttæ Æxsar æmæ
                <oRef>ʽXsærtæg</oRef> nærton</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the sons of Varhag, (A)khsar and (A)khsartag of
                the Narts, went in search of game</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the sons of Varhag, (A)khsar and (A)khsartag of
                the Narts, were walking in search of game</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Куб."/>
              <biblScope>40</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Восходит к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">xšaθraka-</w></mentioned>, как <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"><w>xsar(t)</w></ref> — к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">xšaθra</w></mentioned>. Ср. по происхождению и образованию <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>šahra</w>
            <note type="comment">(из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">xšaθraka-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>известный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>прославленный</q></gloss></mentioned>. По
          форме <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"><w>Xsar(t)</w></ref> относится к
            <oRef>Xsærtæg</oRef> (наращение форманта <c>-ka-</c>), как, скажем, <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><lang/>
            <w>Δειμανος</w></mentioned> к <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><w>Διμακος</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><w>Σιαύος</w></mentioned> к <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><w>Σιαύακος</w></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>I 166, 183</biblScope></bibl>) или <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/> (из
            иран.) <w>Šah</w></mentioned> к <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Šahak</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Vałarš</w></mentioned> к <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Vałaršakʼ</w></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/>
            <biblScope>58, 79</biblScope></bibl>. Имя <oRef>Xsærtæg</oRef> (как и нартовская эпопея
          в своей основе) восходит к скифскому времени. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Σατϱακος</w>
            <gloss>имя царя скифов, живущих к северу от Согдианы</gloss><note type="bibl">(<bibl><author xml:lang="ru">Арриан</author>
                <biblScope>4. 4, 8</biblScope>. — Ср.: <bibl><author>Markwart</author>. <title>Die
                    Sogdiana des Ptolemaios. Orientalia</title>
                  <date>1946</date>
                  <biblScope>XV 314</biblScope></bibl></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. С формантом
            <c>-an</c> (вместо <c>-ak</c>) <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ξαϱθανος</w>
            <gloss>имя из Танаиды</gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Латышев"/>
                <biblScope>281<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">11</hi></biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, с формантом <c>-am</c>
          <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ξαϱταμος</w>
            <gloss>имя из Ольвии</gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Латышев"/>
                <biblScope>I² 117<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">5</hi></biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Форма <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w type="rec">Xsartan</w></mentioned> относится к <oRef>Xsartag</oRef>, как <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Warazman</w></mentioned> к ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wyryzmæg"><w>Wyryzmæg</w>, <w>Wæræzmæg</w></ref>. Встречающееся на персепольских таблетках имя
            <mentioned xml:lang="elx"><w>Šaššaka</w></mentioned> отражает (в эламской передаче)
            <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
            <w><?oxy_comment_start author="Vados" timestamp="20230719T014256+0300" comment="лигатура"?>Xšassaka<?oxy_comment_end ?>-</w><note type="comment"> (← <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">Xšaθraka-</w></mentioned>)</note><note type="bibl">
                (<bibl><author>Mayrhofer</author>. <title>Onomastica Persepolitana</title>.
                  <pubPlace>Wien</pubPlace>, <date>1973</date>, <biblScope>№№ 8.1508,
                  8.1481</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Вместе с эпическими сказаниями имя
            <oRef>Xsartag</oRef> вошло в некоторые соседние языки: <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
            <w>Sxurtuk</w>
            <gloss><q>имя отца Нарта <note type="comment"><mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><w>Urəzmek</w></mentioned>ʼа</note></q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">Axsartoj</w> → <w>Arxastoj</w> → <w>Orxustoj</w>
            <gloss>название богатырского племени</gloss></mentioned>. В грузинских и армянских
          источниках отмечены созвучные имена: в <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Житии Або</q>
          (VIII в.) <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>Aǧsartan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang>мегрельская</lang>
            <gloss>фамилия</gloss>
            <w>Sartania</w> (из <w type="rec">Xsartania</w>)</mentioned>, фамилия <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>Axasarpakʼajani</w></mentioned>. <note type="footnote">По сообщению
            грузинского <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Хронографа</q> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Žamtaaǧǵmc’ereli</q>), памятника середины XIV в., около
            1260 г. бежавшие от хана Берке женщины привели в Грузию двух мальчиков из рода <hi rendition="#rend_italic">Ахасарпаканов</hi> — Пареджана и Бакатара (см.: <bibl><author xml:lang="ru">Гамрекели</author>. <title xml:lang="ru">Двалы и Двалетия</title>.
                <pubPlace xml:lang="ru">Тбилиси</pubPlace>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">1961, стр.
                116</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">1961, стр. 116</biblScope></bibl>. — Ср.:
                <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Андроникашвили"/>
              <biblScope>139, 140, 141</biblScope></bibl>).</note>Сюда же <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>Ałsartan</w><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Justi"/>
                <biblScope>12</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Андроникашвили"/>
                <biblScope>140, 141, 513</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. В адыгских
          эпических сказаниях упоминается <mentioned xml:lang="ady"><gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">славный род</q></gloss>
            <w>Axsnartuqo</w></mentioned>, чужеземный для Кабарды [<bibl><author xml:lang="ru">Гаглойти</author>. <title xml:lang="ru">К изучению терминологии нартского эпоса. Изв.
              Юго-Осет. научно-исслед. инст. </title>
            <date>1965</date>, <biblScope>XIV 99</biblScope></bibl>, со ссылкой на: <bibl><author xml:lang="ru">Гатцук</author>. <title xml:lang="ru">Черкесы (свод кабардинских
              сказаний). Юная Россия</title>, <date>1906</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">№№ 11—12,
              стр. 1439—1441</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">№№ 11—12, стр.
              1439—1441</biblScope></bibl>]. — Легенда об (А)хсаре и (А)хсартаге содержит далеко
          идущие черты близости к легенде о Ромуле и Реме: 1) там и тут герои — <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">близнецы</hi>; 2) римских близнецов вскормила волчица,
          нартовские близнецы имели <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"><gloss> отца по имени <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Волк</q></gloss> (<w>Wærxæg</w>)</ref>; 3) имя одного
          из близнецов (<mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Romulus</w></mentioned>, <oRef>Xsærtæg</oRef>)
          представляет деминутивный вариант другого (<mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Remus</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"><w>Xsar</w></ref>); 4)
          в обеих легендах <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">деминутивный</q> брат убивает другого и
          становится родоначальником племени. В основе обеих легенд лежит тотемический миф о
          происхождении племени от волка, осложненный мотивом (тоже мифологическим) близнецов и
          подвергшийся позднейшей рационализации в антропоморфном направлении (см. нашу статью:
              <bibl><title>Опыт сравнительного анализа легенд о происхождении Нартов и Римлян
            </title>. В сб.: <title xml:lang="ru">Памяти Марра</title>, <pubPlace xml:lang="ru">М. —
              Л.</pubPlace>, <date>1938</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр. 313—
              337</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">стр. 313— 337</biblScope></bibl>). Изображение
          двух мальчиков, вскармливаемых волчицей, найдено в Средней Азии (<bibl><author xml:lang="ru">Негматов, Соколовский</author>. <title xml:lang="ru"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Капитолийская волчица</q> в Таджикистане и легенды
              Евразии </title>. В сб.: <title xml:lang="ru">Памятники культуры. Новые открытия.
              Письменность. Искусство. Археология. Ежегодник 1974</title>, <pubPlace xml:lang="ru">М.</pubPlace>, <date>1975</date></bibl>. Такое разительное совпадение через огромное
          пространство вряд ли могло иметь место независимо, без посредников. Такими посредниками
          могли быть скифо-сарматские племена, которые на Западе контактировали с пра-италиками, а
          на Востоке с народами Средней Азии. Что касается роли волка в тотемических легендах, то
          она имеет широчайшее распространение и за пределами Европы: у тюрок и монголов, у северных
          народов Сибири, у индейцев Сев. Америки. См., в частности: <bibl><author xml:lang="ru">Липец</author>. <title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes" xml:lang="ru">Лицо волка
                благословенно...</q></title>. <title xml:lang="ru">Сов. этнография</title>,
              <date>1981</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">№ 1, стр. 123</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">№ 1, стр. 123</biblScope></bibl> (в особенности отрывки <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Волк-прародитель</q> и <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Волк — кормилец, воспитатель</q>). — См. также статьи <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author xml:lang="ru">В. В. Иванова</author>. <title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Волк</q></title> в энциклопедии <title xml:lang="ru"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes" xml:lang="ru">Мифы народов мира</q> (I</title>,
              <date>1980</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр. 242</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">стр. 242</biblScope></bibl><bibl xml:lang="en"><author xml:lang="ru">В.
              В. Иванова</author>. <title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Волк</q></title> в
            энциклопедии <title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes" xml:lang="ru">Мифы народов
                мира</q> (I</title>, <date>1980</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр.
              242</biblScope></bibl>) и <bibl xml:lang="ru"><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes" xml:lang="ru">Близнечные мифы</q></title> (<biblScope xml:lang="ru">там же, стр.
              242</biblScope>)<biblScope xml:lang="en">стр. 242</biblScope></bibl>. — Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"/>, по корню сюда же <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsīn"><w>xsīn</w>
            <gloss><q>госпожа</q></gloss></ref>; см. также <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w type="rec">wærg</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærgon"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЯМ"/>
            <biblScope>1935 V 74—75</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>189, 199, 223</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>86—92</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">xšaθraka-</w></mentioned>, like <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"><w>xsar(t)</w></ref> goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">xšaθra</w></mentioned>. Etymologically and derivationally, cf. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>šahra</w>
            <note type="comment">(from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">xšaθraka-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>famous</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>illustrious</q></gloss></mentioned>. Formally,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"><w>Xsar(t)</w></ref> relates to
            <oRef>Xsærtæg</oRef> (the formant augment <c>-ka-</c>), like, say, <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><lang/>
            <w>Δειμανος</w></mentioned> to <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><w>Διμακος</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><w>Σιαύος</w></mentioned> to <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><w>Σιαύακος</w></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>I 166, 183</biblScope></bibl>) or <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/> (from
            Iran.) <w>Šah</w></mentioned> to <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Šahak</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Vałarš</w></mentioned> to <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Vałaršakʼ</w></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/>
            <biblScope>58, 79</biblScope></bibl>. The name <oRef>Xsærtæg</oRef> (as well as the Nart
          epic at its core) dates back to the Scythian time. Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Σατϱακος</w> the name of the king of the Scythians living north of Sogdiana <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author xml:lang="en">Arrian</author>
                <biblScope>4. 4, 8</biblScope>. — Cf.: <bibl><author>Markwart</author>. <title>Die
                    Sogdiana des Ptolemaios. Orientalia</title>
                  <date>1946</date>
                  <biblScope>XV 314</biblScope></bibl></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. With the formant
            <c>-an</c> (instead of <c>-ak</c>), there is <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ξαϱθανος</w>
            <gloss>name from Tanaida</gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Латышев"/>
                <biblScope>281<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">11</hi></biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, with the formant<c>-am</c>, there is
            <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ξαϱταμος</w>
            <gloss>name from Olvia</gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Латышев"/>
                <biblScope>I² 117<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">5</hi></biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The form <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w type="rec">Xsartan</w></mentioned> relates to <oRef>Xsartag</oRef>, like <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Warazman</w></mentioned> relates to Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wyryzmæg"><w>Wyryzmæg</w>, <w>Wæræzmæg</w></ref>. The name <mentioned xml:lang="elx"><w>Šaššaka</w></mentioned> found on Persepolis tablets reflects (in the
          Elamite transmission) <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
            <w><?oxy_comment_start author="Vados" timestamp="20230719T014256+0300" comment="лигатура"?>Xšassaka<?oxy_comment_end ?>-</w><note type="comment"> (← <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">Xšaθraka-</w></mentioned>)</note><note type="bibl">
                (<bibl><author>Mayrhofer</author>. <title>Onomastica Persepolitana</title>.
                  <pubPlace>Wien</pubPlace>, <date>1973</date>, <biblScope>№№ 8.1508,
                  8.1481</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Together with epic tales, the name
            <oRef>Xsartag</oRef> entered some neighboring languages: <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
            <w>Sxurtuk</w>
            <gloss><q>name of Nart <note type="comment"><mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><w>Urəzmek</w></mentioned>ʼs father</note></q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">Axsartoj</w> → <w>Arxastoj</w> → <w>Orxustoj</w>
            <gloss>name of a noble tribe</gloss></mentioned>. Similar names were attested in
          Georgian and Armenian sources: in <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Aboʼs life</q> (VIII
          century), <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>Aǧsartan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang>Megrelian</lang>
            <gloss>surname</gloss>
            <w>Sartania</w> (from <w type="rec">Xsartania</w>)</mentioned>, the surname <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><w>Axasarpakʼajani</w></mentioned>. <note type="footnote">According to the
            Georgian <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Chronograph</q> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Žamtaaǧǵmc’ereli</q>), a monument from the middle of
            the 14th century, around 1260, women who fled from Khan Berke brought two boys from the
            Akhasarpakan family, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">Akhasarpakan</hi> family, Parejan and
            Bakatar, to Georgia (see: <bibl><author xml:lang="en">Gamrekeli</author>. <title xml:lang="en">Dvaly i Dvaletija[Dvals and Dvaleti]</title>. <pubPlace xml:lang="en">Tbilisi</pubPlace>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">1961, стр. 116</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">1961, p. 116</biblScope></bibl>. — Cf.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Андроникашвили"/>
              <biblScope>139, 140, 141</biblScope></bibl>).</note>Here relates also <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>Ałsartan</w><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Justi"/>
                <biblScope>12</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Андроникашвили"/>
                <biblScope>140, 141, 513</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Adyghe epic legends
          mention the <mentioned xml:lang="ady"><gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">glorious
                family</q></gloss> of <w>Axsnartuqo</w></mentioned>, foreign to Kabarda
              [<bibl><author xml:lang="en">Gaglojti</author>. <title xml:lang="en">K izučeniju
              terminologii nartskogo eposa. Izv. Jugo-Oset. naučno-issled. inst. [Towards the study
              of the Nart epic terminology. Working papers of theSouth Ossetian scientific research
              institute]</title>
            <date>1965</date>, <biblScope>XIV 99</biblScope></bibl>, with reference to:
              <bibl><author xml:lang="en">Gatcuk</author>. <title xml:lang="ru">Čerkesy (svod
              kabardinskix skazanij). Junaja Rossija [Circassians (a set of Kabardian legends).
              Young Russia]</title>, <date>1906</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">№№ 11—12, стр.
              1439—1441</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">№№ 11—12, pp.
            1439—1441</biblScope></bibl>]. — The legend of (A)khsar and (A)khsartag contains
          far-reaching features of proximity to the legend of Romulus and Remus: 1) in both cases,
          the heroes are <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">twins</hi>; 2) the Roman twins were raised
          by a she-wolf, the Nart twins had a <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"><gloss> father
              named <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Wolf</q></gloss> (<w>Wærxæg</w>)</ref>; 3) the
          name of one of the twins (<mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Romulus</w></mentioned>,
            <oRef>Xsærtæg</oRef>) is a diminutive version of the other (<mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Remus</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"><w>Xsar</w></ref>);
          4) in both legends, the <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">diminutive</q> kills another and
          becomes the ancestor of the tribe. Both legends are based on the totemic myth about the
          origin of the tribe from the wolf, complicated by the motif (also mythological) of the
          twins and subject to later rationalization in the anthropomorphic direction (see our
          article: <bibl><title xml:lang="en">Opyt sravnitelʼnogo analiza legend o proisxoždenii
              Nartov i Rimljan [Comparative analysis of the legends about the origin of Narts and
              Romans]</title>. In: <title xml:lang="en">In memory of Marr</title>, <pubPlace xml:lang="en">Moscow — Leningrad</pubPlace>, <date>1938</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр. 313— 337</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">pp. 313—
              337</biblScope></bibl>). An image of two boys being fed by a she-wolf was found in
          Central Asia (<bibl><author xml:lang="en">Negmatov, Sokolovskij</author>. <title xml:lang="ru"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Kapitolijskaja volčica</q> v
              Tadžikistane i legendy Evrazii [The Capitoline she-wolf in Tajikistan and the legends
              of Eurasia]</title>. In: <title xml:lang="en">Pamjatniki kulʼtury. Novye otkrytija.
              Pisʼmennostʼ. Isskusstvo. Arxeologija. Ježegodnik 1974 [Monuments of culture. New
              discoveries. Writing. Art. Archeology. Yearbook 1974]</title>, <pubPlace xml:lang="en">Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1975</date></bibl>. Such a striking a coincidence across a
          vast space could hardly have taken place independently, without intermediaries. Such
          intermediaries could be the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes, who in the West were in contact
          with the Proto-Italics, and in the East with the peoples of Central Asia. As for the role
          of the wolf in totemic legends, it has the widest distribution outside of Europe: among
          the Turks and Mongols, among the northern peoples of Siberia, among the Indians of North
          America. See, in particular: <bibl><author xml:lang="en">Lipec</author>. <title xml:lang="en"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes" xml:lang="ru">Lico volka
                blagoslovenno... [The face of the wolf is blessed ....]</q></title>. <title xml:lang="ru">Sov. ètnografija [Soviet ethnography]</title>, <date>1981</date>,
              <biblScope xml:lang="ru">№ 1, стр. 123</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">№ 1, p.
              123</biblScope></bibl> (especially the excerpts <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Wolf
            the ancestor</q> and <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Wolf the breadwinner, the
            educator</q>). — See also papers: <bibl><author xml:lang="en">V. V. Ivanov</author>
            <title xml:lang="en">Volk [Wolf]</title> in encyclopedia: <title xml:lang="en"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Mify narodov mira [Myths of the peoples of the
                world]</q> (I</title>, <biblScope xml:lang="en">1980, p. 242</biblScope></bibl><bibl xml:lang="ru"><author xml:lang="ru">В. В. Иванова</author>. <title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Волк</q></title> в энциклопедии <title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes" xml:lang="ru">Мифы народов мира</q> (I</title>,
              <date>1980</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр. 242</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">стр. 242</biblScope></bibl>) and <bibl><title xml:lang="en">Bliznečnye
              mify [Twin myths]</title>, <biblScope xml:lang="en">ibid., p. 242</biblScope></bibl>.
          — Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsar_1"/>, the same root in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7xsīn"><w>xsīn</w>
            <gloss><q>lady</q></gloss></ref>; see also <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w type="rec">wærg</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærgon"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЯМ"/>
            <biblScope>1935 V 74—75</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>189, 199, 223</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>86—92</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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