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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">toxun_1</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_toxun_1" n="1" xml:lang="os-x-digor" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d439e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>toxun</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>tuǧd</orth></form>
        <usg><lang/></usg>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d439e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>бороться</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>fight</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>биться</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>combat</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>сражаться</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>battle</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>воевать</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>make war</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tuǧd</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сражение</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">battle</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>бой</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>fighting</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>война</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>war</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæcyn" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>xæcyn</w>: <w>xæst</w></ref> id</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæcyn" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>xæcyn</w>: <w>xæst</w></ref> id</note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Jese bazdaxtæj æma osæ wæd, kizgæ wæd, biccew
              wæd, <oRef>toxunmæ</oRef> ka næ aræxstæj, oni ewguræj dær bafsnajdta Xatægti ustur
              mæsugi</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Есе взял и всех, кто неспособен был сражаться,
                будь то женщина, девушка или ребенок, укрыл в большой башне Хатаговых</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Jese sheltered everyone who was unable to
                fight, be it a woman, a girl or a child, in the large tower of the Khatægovs</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Диг._сказ."/>
              <biblScope>2</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(lacintæ æma xalon) <oRef>toxun</oRef>
              bajdædtoncæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(соколы и ворона) стали биться</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T013735+0300" comment="или тут the"?>falcons<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                and a crow) began to fight</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
              <biblScope>30<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">5</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ci <oRef>fættuxtoncæ</oRef> ka ʽj
              zonuj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сколько они бились, кто это знает</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">who knows how long they fought</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
              <biblScope>30<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">8–9</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">duwwæ xonxi kæmi <oRef>toxuncæ</oRef>
              omi...</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">там, где бьются (друг с другом) две горы...</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">where two mountains
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T013814+0300" comment="?"?>clash<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                (with each other)...</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
              <biblScope>15<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">2</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ku næ es sæmæ sæ fagæ <oRef>toxæn</oRef>
              gærztæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">нет у них достаточно боевого оружия</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they do not have enough military weapons</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>55</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ærtæ fati <oRef>istoxunmæ</oRef> næ
              bæzzuncæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">трех пуль недостаточно, чтобы вступить в
                бой</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">three bullets are not enough to go into
                battle</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>59</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æ raz rajʒag æj bæxgintæj, <oRef>toxuj</oRef>
              sæ xæccæ cʼinkkitæj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">перед ним стало полно всадников, он бьется с
                ними ударами (шашки)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">there are a lot of horsemen in front of him, he
                fights with them with blows (of a sabre)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wædta mæ rarvistoncæ Japoni
                <oRef>tuǧdmæ</oRef>; omi <oRef>fættuxton</oRef> anz æma duwwæ mæji</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">тогда меня послали на Японскую войну; там я
                воевал год и два месяца</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">then I was sent to the Japanese war; I fought
                there for a year and two months</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1949 II 30</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Если <q>охота</q> ассоциировалась у осетин с <q>хождением</q> (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cwan_1"><w>cwan</w></ref>), то <q>война</q> связывалась, как
          кажется, с понятиями <q>бить</q>, <q>ударять</q>, <q>пронзать</q> и т. п. (<mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">teuk-</w>, <w type="rec">tuk-</w></mentioned>). Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">tuk-</w></mentioned> в <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>тыкать</w>, <w>в-тыкать</w>, <w>про-тыкать</w></mentioned> и пр., <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>tuksёti</w>
            <gloss><q>бить</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ударять</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>биться</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>колотить(ся)</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Fraenkel"/>
            <biblScope>1135</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>τύκος</w>
            <gloss><q>боевой топор</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>молот</q></gloss></mentioned>. Другой
          вариант этой же базы, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">teug-</w></mentioned>,
          представлен в <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>tuǰ-</w>, <w>tuǰati</w>
            <gloss><q>бить</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>метать</q></gloss></mentioned> и пр., <cit>
            <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Grundbegriff — heftige, mit Gewalt verbundene
                Bewegung</q></quote>
            <bibl>(<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Grassmann"/>
              <biblScope>538</biblScope>)</bibl>
          </cit>. Менее вероятна связь с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūxyn"><w>tūxyn</w>
            <gloss><q>завертывать</q></gloss></ref>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Шегрен"/>
              (<biblScope>137</biblScope>)</bibl> сравнивает, с одной стороны, <mentioned xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
            <w>ṯavx</w>
            <gloss><q>petere aliquem turpibus dictis factisve</q></gloss></mentioned>, с другой —
            <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>toqušmaq</w>
            <gloss><q>offendere se invicem, confligere</q></gloss></mentioned>. Контаминация с
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
              <w>toqə</w>
              <gloss><q>нападать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>toqus</w>
              <gloss><q>битва</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>драка</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1149, 1151</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> не
          исключена.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">If <q>hunting</q> was associated
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T013955+0300" comment="?"?>by<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          Ossetians with <q>walking</q> (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cwan_1"><w>cwan</w></ref>), then <q>war</q> was associated, it seems, with the concepts of
            <q>hitting</q>, <q>piercing</q> etc. (<mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">teuk-</w>, <w type="rec">tuk-</w></mentioned>). Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">tuk-</w></mentioned> in <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>tykat'</w>, <w>v-tykat'</w>, <w>pro-tykat'</w>
            <gloss><q>pierce</q></gloss></mentioned> etc., <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>tuksëti</w>
            <gloss><q>hit</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T014119+0300" comment="это это биться?"?>battle<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>pound</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Fraenkel"/>
            <biblScope>1135</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>τύκος</w>
            <gloss><q>battle ax</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>hammer</q></gloss></mentioned>. Another
          variant of the same base, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">teug-</w></mentioned>,
          is present in <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>tuǰ-</w>, <w>tuǰati</w>
            <gloss><q>hit</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>throw</q></gloss></mentioned> etc., <cit>
            <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Grundbegriff — heftige, mit Gewalt verbundene
                Bewegung</q></quote>
            <bibl> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Grassmann"/>
              <biblScope>538</biblScope>)</bibl>
          </cit>. It is less likely to be associated with <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūxyn"><w>tūxyn</w>
            <gloss><q>wrap up</q></gloss></ref>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Шегрен"/>
              (<biblScope>137</biblScope>)</bibl> compares it, on the one hand, with <mentioned xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
            <w>ṯavx</w>
            <gloss><q>petere aliquem turpibus dictis factisve</q></gloss></mentioned>, on the other
          – with <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>toqušmaq</w>
            <gloss><q>offendere se invicem, confligere</q></gloss></mentioned>. The contamination
          with <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
              <w>toqə</w>
              <gloss><q>attack</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><w>toqus</w>
              <gloss><q>battle</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>fightinf</q></gloss></mentioned>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1149, 1151</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> is not
          excluded.</etym>
      </entry>
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