<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">zūl</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
      <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
      </tagsDecl>
    </encodingDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_zūl" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d576e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>zūl</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>zol</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d576e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>косой</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>slanting</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>скошенный</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230719T122419+0300" comment="??"?>skewed<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>zūlaīv</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">косо</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">askew</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>zūlmæ</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вкось</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">obliquely</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>наискось</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>aslant</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>zūlmæ <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kæsyn"/></orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">смотреть косо</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">look askance</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>fæzūlʒyx wyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">стать не в ладах с кем-либо</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">become at odds with someone</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Индоевропейская база <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">ǵhul-</w> с
            исходным значением <gloss><q>кривой</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>косой</q></gloss>, а затем
                <gloss><q>ложный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>несправедливый</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>злой</q></gloss></mentioned> закономерно дает в иранском <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zur-</w></mentioned> (индоиранский ротацизм). Но осетинский
          здесь, как и в ряде других случаев, смыкается не с иранским, а с европейскими, конкретно
          со славяно-балтийскими языками. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang>праслав.</lang>
            <w type="rec">zulu</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>злой</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>įžulùs</w>
            <gloss><q>косой</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>кривой</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>pažulnùs</w>
            <gloss>id.</gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>atžūlas</w>
            <gloss><q>упрямый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>грубый</q></gloss></mentioned>
          <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Fraenkel"/>
              <biblScope>I 23–24</biblScope></bibl>)</note>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>φολκός</w>
            <gloss><q>кривоногий</q></gloss></mentioned>. Такой же <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ламбдаизм</q> в ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qælæs"><w>qælæs</w>
            <gloss><q>голос</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbyla"><w>kʼæbyla</w>
            <gloss><q>щенок</q></gloss></ref> — <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>кобель</w></mentioned> и др. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>35–41</biblScope>: <note type="comment">: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Фонема <c>l</c></q></note></bibl>). Чисто иранская аблаутная форма представлена в
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævzær" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>ævzær</w>
            <gloss><q>дурной</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zwara-</w></mentioned>, ср. <mentioned xml:lang="fa" extralang="pal xpr"><lang/>
            <w>zūr</w>
            <gloss><q>ложный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ложь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>обман</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AI"/>
                <biblScope>IXa 104, 105</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">zūrah-</w>
            <note type="comment">в <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><w>zūrakara-</w>
                <gloss><q>злодей</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>zūrah-</w>
            <gloss><q>несправедливость</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>zbar-</w>
            <gloss><q>идти вкривь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>hvar-</w>
            <note type="comment">id. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
                <biblScope>III 620</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Семантическое развитие
            <q>кривой</q> — <q>ложный</q> — <q>несправедливый</q> — <q>злой</q> — <q>дурной</q>
          понятно. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>σκολιός</w>
            <gloss><q>кривой</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>неправый</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>враждебный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>злобный</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Ос.
            <oRef>zūl</oRef> распознается в топонимии <lang>Балкарии</lang>: <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><w>Zülkasar</w>
            <gloss>название горы</gloss>
            <note type="comment">= <mentioned xml:lang="os">ос. <phr>zūl kʼæsær</phr>
                <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">кривой порог
                (переход)</q></gloss></mentioned></note>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>Коков, Шахмурзаев</author>. <title>Балк. топоним.
                  сл.</title>
                <pubPlace>Нальчик</pubPlace>, <date>1970</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                70</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. К oc. <oRef>zūl</oRef> примыкает
            <mentioned xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>zulam</w>
            <gloss><q>зло</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вред</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>Генко</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЗКВ"/>
                <biblScope>V 723</biblScope></bibl></note>)</mentioned>. — См. еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zylyn"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævzær"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_izol" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>izol</w></ref>.<lb/><bibl><author>Зализняк</author>. <title>Проблемы славяно-иранских
              языковых отношений древнейшего периода</title>. <bibl type="j"><title>Вопр. слав.
                языкозн.</title>
              <biblScope>1962 VI 36</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>38</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">The Indo-European base <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">ǵhul-</w>
            with the initial meaning <gloss><q>crooked</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>slanting</q></gloss>,
            and then <gloss><q>false</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>unfair</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>angry</q></gloss></mentioned> regularly gives in Iranian <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zur-</w></mentioned> (the Indo-Iranian rhotacism). But
          Ossetic here, as in a number of other cases, merges not with Iranian, but with European
          languages, specifically with Slavic-Baltic ones. Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">zulu</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>zloj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
            <w>įžulùs</w>
            <gloss><q>slanting</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>crooked</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>pažulnùs</w>
            <gloss>id.</gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><w>atžūlas</w>
            <gloss><q>stubborn</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>rude</q></gloss></mentioned>
          <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Fraenkel"/>
              <biblScope>I 23–24</biblScope></bibl>)</note>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>φολκός</w>
            <gloss><q>bow-legged</q></gloss></mentioned>. The same <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">lambdaism</q> is in Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qælæs"><w>qælæs</w>
            <gloss><q>voice</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbyla"><w>kʼæbyla</w>
            <gloss><q>puppy</q></gloss></ref> – <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kobel'</w></mentioned> etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>35–41</biblScope>: <note type="comment">: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Phoneme <c>l</c></q></note></bibl>). The purely Iranian ablaut form is represented
          in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævzær" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>ævzær</w>
            <gloss><q>bad</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zwara-</w></mentioned>, cf. <mentioned xml:lang="fa" extralang="pal xpr"><lang/>
            <w>zūr</w>
            <gloss><q>false</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>lie</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>deceit</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AI"/>
                <biblScope>IXa 104, 105</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">zūrah-</w>
            <note type="comment">in <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><w>zūrakara-</w>
                <gloss><q>villain</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>zūrah-</w>
            <gloss><q>injustice</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>zbar-</w>
            <gloss><q>go awry</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>hvar-</w>
            <note type="comment">id. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
                <biblScope>III 620</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The semantic development
            <q>crooked</q> – <q>false</q> – <q>unfair</q> – <q>angry</q> – <q>bad</q> is clear. Cf.
            <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>σκολιός</w>
            <gloss><q>crooked</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>wrong</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>hostile</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>angry</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Ossetic
            <oRef>zūl</oRef> recognized in the toponymy of <lang>Balkaria</lang>: <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><w>Zülkasar</w>
            <gloss>name of the mountain</gloss>
            <note type="comment">= <mentioned xml:lang="os">Ossetic <phr>zūl kʼæsær</phr>
                <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">crooked
                    <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230719T123242+0300" comment="порог??"?>doorstep<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                    (passage)</q></gloss></mentioned></note>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>Kokov, Šaxmurzaev</author>. <title>Balkarskij
                  toponimičeskij slovarʹ [Balkar toponymic dictionary]</title>.
                  <pubPlace>Nalchik</pubPlace>, <date>1970</date>, <biblScope>p.
                70</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Ossetic <oRef>zūl</oRef> is adjoined by
            <mentioned xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>zulam</w>
            <gloss><q>evil</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>harm</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><author>Genko</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЗКВ"/>
                <biblScope>V 723</biblScope></bibl></note>)</mentioned>. — See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zylyn"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ævzær"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_izol" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>izol</w></ref>.<lb/><bibl><author>Zaliznjak</author>. <title>Problemy
              slavjano-iranskix jazykovyx otnošenij drevnejšego perioda [Problems of Slavic-Iranian
              language relations of the most ancient period]</title>. <bibl type="j"><title>Voprosy
                slavjanskogo jazykoznanija [Issues of Slavic Linguistics]</title>
              <biblScope>1962 VI 36</biblScope></bibl></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
            <biblScope>38</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>