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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">zamana</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_zamana" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d826e66" type="lemma"><orth>zamana</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d826e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>беда</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>trouble</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>напасть</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>bad luck</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (обычно в восклицаниях)</note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (usually in exclamations)</note>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>cy zamana ū!</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_doublequotes">что за
                напасть!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_doublequotes">what a bad
                luck!</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>zaǧd æmæ zamana!</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свара и беда!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">squabble and trouble!</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><gram>genitiva case</gram><orth>zamanajy</orth></form>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> лексикализовался в значении</note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> was lexicalized in the meaning</note>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">отменный</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">excellent</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>замечательный</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>wonderful</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>отличный</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>great</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zamana</oRef> ūj wyd...</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">беда была в том...</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the trouble was that...</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>123</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">suʒgæ <oRef>zamana</oRef> ū, īw qæwy midæg
              dywwæ myggaǵy k˳y fætūǵǵyn væjjync</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">жгучая напасть, когда внутри одного аула два
                рода становятся кровниками (в состоянии кровной мести)</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">it is a burning misfortune, when two clans
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230707T141058+0300" comment="??????"?>enter
                into a state of blood feud<?oxy_comment_end ?> in one village</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/>
              <biblScope>164</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zamanajy</oRef> nard fys</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">отменно жирная овца</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">very fat sheep</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zamanajy</oRef> bæx myn fælævar
              kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он подарил мне замечательного коня</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he gave me a wonderful horse</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">araqq næj, fælæ næm <oRef>zammanæjy</oRef>
              maxsymæ ænqīzy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">араки нет, но у нас бродит отменная брага</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">there is no
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230707T141141+0300" comment="прям так?"?>araka<?oxy_comment_end ?>,
                but we have excellent mash</q>
            </tr>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (с экспрессивной
              геминацией <c>mm</c>)</note>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (with the
              expressive gemination <c>mm</c>)</note>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1961 I 31</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zamanajy</oRef> ūrs wælʒarm xūd cyraǧy
              alajæ saw adardta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">великолепная белая поярковая шапка от копоти
                свечи почернела</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a magnificent white bright felt hat turned
                black from the soot of a candle</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1957 III 30</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">læg <oRef>zamanaj</oRef> rævæjnæj pili ustur
              tolʒæ bælasæbæl isbasta... <oRef>zamanaj</oRef> cirǧ færætæj ravnaldta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">человек отличной веревкой привязал слона к
                большому дубу... взялся за отлично отточенный топор</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a man tied an elephant to a large oak tree with
                an excellent rope... took up a perfectly sharpened ax</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАС"/>
              <biblScope>II 20</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Идентично с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zaman"><w>zaman</w>
            <gloss><q>время</q></gloss></ref>; отражает параллельную <lang>персидскую</lang> форму
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><w>zamāna</w>
            <gloss><q>век</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>судьба</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
              <w>zamānak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
              <note type="comment">(из иран.)</note>
              <w>žamanak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av" extralang="ani dar lbe lez"><lang>авар., анд., лезг., дарг., лак.</lang>
              <w>zamana</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>время</q></gloss></mentioned>. Что касается семантического развития
            (<q>время</q> — <q>беда</q>), то оно наметилось уже в персидском через переходное
          значение <q>судьба</q>: <q>время</q> → <q>рок, судьба</q> → <q>превратности судьбы</q>,
            <q>злая судьбина</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЗКВ"/>
            <biblScope>III 352</biblScope></bibl>). Ср. также <mentioned xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
            <w>zamānat</w>
            <gloss><q>хроническая болезнь</q></gloss></mentioned>. Аналогичное семантическое
          движение в <lang>русском</lang>: <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>рок</w>
            <gloss><q>год</q></gloss></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>рок</w>
            <gloss><q>судьба</q></gloss></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>роковой</w>
            <gloss><q>несчастный</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ср. также <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>година</w> в смысле <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">недобрый
            год</q></gloss></mentioned>. Наконец, и странный на первый взгляд семантический оборот
            <q>беда</q> → <q>отменный</q> находит параллели; ср. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>бедовый</w></mentioned> с одобрительным оттенком.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Identical to <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zaman"><w>zaman</w>
            <gloss><q>time</q></gloss></ref>; reflects the parallel <lang>Persian</lang> form
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><w>zamāna</w>
            <gloss><q>century</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>fate</q></gloss></mentioned>,
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
              <w>zamānak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
              <note type="comment">(from Iranian)</note>
              <w>žamanak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av" extralang="ani dar lbe lez"><lang>Avar, Andi, Lezgian, Dargwa, Lak</lang>
              <w>zamana</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>time</q></gloss></mentioned>. As for the semantic development (<q>time</q> —
            <q>trouble</q>), it was already outlined in Persian through a transitional meaning
            <q>fate</q>: <q>time</q> → <q>doom, fate</q> → <q>vicissitudes of fate</q>, <q>evil
            fate</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ЗКВ"/>
            <biblScope>III 352</biblScope></bibl>). Cf. also <mentioned xml:lang="ar"><lang/>
            <w>zamānat</w>
            <gloss><q>chronic illness</q></gloss></mentioned>. A similar semantic development is in
            <lang>Russian</lang>: <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>rok</w>
            <gloss><q>year</q></gloss></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>rok</w>
            <gloss><q>fate</q></gloss></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>rokovoj</w>
            <gloss><q>unhappy</q></gloss></mentioned>. Cf. also <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>godina</w> in the sense <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">bad
            year</q></gloss></mentioned>. Finally, a semantic development <q>trouble</q> →
            <q>excellent</q>, strange at first glance, finds parallels; cf. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>bedovyj</w></mentioned> with an approving tone.</etym>
      </entry>
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