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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qazar</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_qazar" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d4779e66" type="lemma"><orth>qazar</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d4779e69"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>дорогой</q>
          </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>expensive</q>
          </abv:tr></sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; в иронском редко; см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zynarǧ" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>zynarǧ</w> id.</ref></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; less frequent in Iron, see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zynarǧ" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
            <w>zynarǧ</w> id</ref></note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:id="exampleGrp_d4779e95">
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e97" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">qazar arǧæj xwarz daræs ficcag dær balxænæd
              næ xecaw</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">пусть наш хозяин первым делом купит хорошее
                платье по дорогой цене</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">let our host first of all buy a good dress at
                an expensive price</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Æmburdgond"/>
              <biblScope>146</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e123" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xwæzdær æma qazardær topp</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">лучшее и самое дорогое ружье</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the best and most expensive gun</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e144" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næ qazar bæstæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">наша дорогая страна</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">our dear country</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Тайм._Мӕ_зӕрд."/>
              <biblScope>31</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e170" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">saw qazar skælladæj ærtæ coqaxwari</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">черного дорогого сукна на три черкески</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">black expensive cloth for three circassians</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">from the manuscripts of G. Kokiev</bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e194">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næ fæstag kosæg dær qazardær æj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">даже последний наш работник стоит дороже</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">even our last employee costs more</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ibid.</bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e216" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ bon xwarz, næ qazar iwazæg</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">добрый день, наш дорогой гость</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">good afternoon, our dear guest</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ibid.</bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e240" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æ særi arǧ in qazar kodtoncæ: saw noǧaji
              ældari bæxtæj sædæ bæxi</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ее (девушки) голову дорого оценили: из коней
                караногайского князя сто коней</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">her (the girl’s) head was given a high price: one
                hundred horses from among the horses of the Prince of the Qara-Noghay</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
              <biblScope>191</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d4779e266">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mærdti din bæxæj fæxxæton, mæ qazar ænsuvær,
              æz din dæ tog ku næ rajson wæd</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">пусть я буду служить тебе в царстве мертвых
                конем, мой дорогой брат, если я не отомщу за твою кровь</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">may I serve you in the realm of the dead as a
                horse, my dear brother, if I do not avenge your blood</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1949 II 45</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Как и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazajrag"><w>qazajrag</w>
            <q>холоп</q></ref>, восходит к этническому термину <oRef/>
          <q>хазар</q>. Чтобы уяснить, каким образом этнический термин получил значение
            <q>дорогой</q>, следует обратиться к адыгским языкам. В <bibl><title>Кабардинско-русском
              словаре</title> под ред. <author>Б. М. Карданова</author>
            <biblScope>(М., 1957, стр. 178)</biblScope></bibl>
          <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e416" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e312" xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>qäzär</w> переводится <gloss><q>скупой</q>, <q>скупец</q></gloss></mentioned>. В
              <bibl><title>Русско-кабардинско-черкесском словаре</title> под ред. <author>С. А.
              Шогенцукова</author>
            <biblScope>(Нальчик, 1955, стр. 847)</biblScope></bibl> словом <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e433" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e329" xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>qäzär</w> переводится также русское <gloss><q>торгаш</q></gloss></mentioned>. По
          любезному пояснению А. К. Шагирова, имеется в виду жадный, дорого запрашивающий торгаш.
          Это значение не чуждо было в прошлом и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e441" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e337" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>qazar</w></mentioned>. Оно зафиксировано у Вс. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Миллера</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._Сл."/>
            <biblScope> I 421</biblScope></bibl>): <q>продавец по высокой цене</q>. Отсюда на
          адыгской почве развилось значение <q>скупой</q>, на осетинской — <q>дорогой</q>.
          Объяснить, почему имя <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">хазар</q> получило значение
            <q>торгаш</q>, нетрудно. У хазар не было высокоразвитого хозяйства
              (<bibl><author>Dunlop</author>. <title>The History of the Jewish Khazars</title>.
              <biblScope>Princeton, 1954, стр. 224, 228, 231, 233</biblScope></bibl>). Но, занимая
          выгодные позиции на торговых путях между севером и югом, востоком и западом, они
          стремились извлечь максимальные барыши из транзитной торговли [<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">The prosperity of Khazaria evidently depended less on the
            resources of the country than on its favourable position across important
            trade-routes</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Dunlop. The History of the Jewish Khazars.">ibid.,</ref>
            <biblScope>232</biblScope></bibl>)]. Видимо, предкам современных адыгов приходилось
          часто иметь дело с хазарскими торговцами и убеждаться в их алчности и скупости. В
          результате имя <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e379x" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e379" xml:lang="os"><w>qazar</w></mentioned> стало синонимом торгаша и
          скупца. От адыгов слово перешло к осетинам. — Об этимологии этнического термина <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e486" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e382" xml:lang="os"><w>qazar</w></mentioned> см. под <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazajrag"/>.<lb/><bibl><title>Beitrage zur Alten Geschichte. Festschrift F</title>.
              <biblScope>Altheim, Berlin, 1970, стр. 208—212</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Like <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazajrag"><w>qazajrag</w>
            <q>slave</q></ref>, it traces back to the ethnic term <oRef/>
          <q>Khazar</q>. To understand how the ethnic term got the meaning <q>expensive</q>, one
          should look closer to the Adyghe languages. In <bibl><title>Kabardian-Russian
              Dictionary</title>, ed. <author>B. M. Kardanov</author>
            <biblScope>(M., 1957, p. 178)</biblScope></bibl>
          <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e312" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e416" xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>qäzär</w> is translated like <gloss><q>greedy</q>, <q>miser</q></gloss></mentioned>.
          In <bibl><title>Russian-Kabardian-Circassian Dictionary</title>, ed. <author>S. A.
              Shogentsukov</author>
            <biblScope>(Nalchik, 1955, p. 847)</biblScope></bibl> the word <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e329" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e433" xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>qäzär</w> is used to translate Russian <gloss><q>tradesman</q></gloss></mentioned>.
          According to the kind explanation of A. K. Shagirov, it means a greedy tradesman asking
          for a high price. This meaning was not alien in the past to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e337" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e441" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>qazar</w></mentioned>, as well. It is attested by Ws. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Miller</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._Сл."/>
            <biblScope> I 421</biblScope></bibl>): <q>seller at a high price</q>. Hence, the meaning
            <q>greedy</q> has developed in Adyghe, and the Ossetic language has developed the
          meaning <q>expensive</q>. It is not difficult to explain why the name <q>Khazar</q> has
          received the meaning of a <q>merchant</q>. The Khazars did not have a highly developed
          economy (<bibl><author>Dunlop</author>. <title>The History of the Jewish Khazars</title>.
              <biblScope>Princeton, 1954, pp. 224, 228, 231, 233</biblScope></bibl>). But, occupying
          advantageous positions on trade routes between North and South, East and West, they sought
          to extract maximum profits from transit trade [<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">The
            prosperity of Khazaria evidently depended less on the resources of the country than on
            its favourable position across important trade-routes</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Dunlop. The History of the Jewish Khazars.">ibid.,</ref>
            <biblScope>232</biblScope></bibl>)]. Apparently, the ancestors of modern Adyghes often
          had to deal with Khazar merchants and be convinced of their greed and avarice. As a
          result, the name <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e379" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e379x" xml:lang="os"><w>qazar</w></mentioned> has become synonymous with a <q>tradesman</q> and a <q>miser</q>.
          Ossetic people have borrowed the word from Adyghe people. — About the etymology of the
          ethnic term <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4779e382" xml:id="mentioned_d4779e486" xml:lang="os"><w>qazar</w></mentioned> see the word <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazajrag"/>.<lb/><bibl><title>Beitrage zur Alten Geschichte. Festschrift
              F</title>. <biblScope>Altheim, Berlin, 1970, pp. 208—212</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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