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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tūxæn</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_tūxæn" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d1010e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>tūxæn</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>toxæn</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d1010e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>мучение</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>torment</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>мучительный, тягостный труд</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>painful, hard work</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tūxæn kænyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мучиться</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">suffer</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>тягостно трудиться</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T003511+0300" comment="тягостно трудиться..."?>work
                  hard<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tūxænæj <ref type="xr" target="#entry_maryn"/></orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мучить</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">torment someone</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>tūxæntæj</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">с трудом</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">with difficulties</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <formGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment">употребителен
            вариант </note>
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment">the variant </note>
          <form xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="variant" xml:lang="os"><orth>tūxi</orth></form>
          <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="comment"> is common</note>
        </formGrp>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">, близки по значению <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fydæbon"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qīzæmar"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qiamæt"/></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fydæbon"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qīzæmar"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qiamæt"/> are close
          in meaning</note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæxædæg tyx <oRef>tuxæntæj</oRef>
              fervæzt</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сам он спасся с великим трудом</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he himself escaped with great difficulty</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>135</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">axæm <oRef>tūxity</oRef>... wydysty wædy
              ræstæǵy xæxxon adæm</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в таких мучениях жили в то время горцы</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the highlanders lived in such torment at that
                time</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 138</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Beci... rajdydta mæg˳yræg cæryntæ æmæ
                <oRef>tūxitæ</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">стал бедняга Беци жить и мучиться</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">poor Betsi began to live and suffer</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/>
              <biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">bīræ <oRef>tūxi</oRef> fækodta Tajmūraz ūcy
              ʽxsæv</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">много мучился Таймураз в ту ночь</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tajmuraz suffered a lot that night</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Arsen"/>
              <biblScope>161</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Связано с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūxyn"><w>tūxyn</w>
            <gloss><q>свертывать</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_yzdūxyn"><w>yz-dūxyn</w>
            <gloss><q>скручивать</q></gloss></ref>: мучение осмыслялось как «скручивание»;
          семантические параллели: <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>torqueo</w>
            <gloss><q>скручиваю</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>мучаю</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>tormentum</w>, в числе значений которого находим, с одной стороны,
                <gloss><q>крученая веревка</q></gloss>, с другой — <gloss><q>пытка</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>мучение</q></gloss></mentioned>; от этого же корня <mentioned xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
            <w>torture</w>
            <gloss><q>му́ка</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>пытка</q></gloss></mentioned>; ср. также
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tāb</w>
            <gloss><q>скручивание</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>мучение</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>страдание</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>kručina</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>кручина</w></mentioned> при <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kruñčati</w>
            <gloss><q>сгибается</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Формант <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-æn</m></mentioned> образует, между прочим, имена действия: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_axodæn"><w>axodæn</w>
            <gloss><q>завтрак</q></gloss></ref> от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_axodyn"><w>axodyn</w>
            <gloss><q>закусывать</q></gloss></ref> и т. п. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
            <biblScope>§ 170<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">I 6</hi></biblScope></bibl>). Форма
            <oRef>tūxi</oRef> — под влиянием грузинских имен на <c>-i</c>?</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Related to <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūxyn"><w>tūxyn</w>
            <gloss><q>roll</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_yzdūxyn"><w>yz-dūxyn</w>
            <gloss><q>twist</q></gloss></ref>: torment was conceptualized as <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">twisting</q>; semantic parallels: <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>torqueo</w>
            <gloss><q>I twist</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>I torment</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>tormentum</w>, among whose meanings we find, on the one hand,
                <gloss><q>twisted rope</q></gloss>, on the other – <gloss><q>torture</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>torment</q></gloss></mentioned>; from the same root there is <mentioned xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
            <w>torture</w>
            <gloss><q>torment</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>torture</q></gloss></mentioned>; cf. also
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tāb</w>
            <gloss><q>twisting</q></gloss> → <gloss><q>torment</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>suffering</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>kručina</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>kruchina</w></mentioned>
            <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T003919+0300" comment="так?"?><gloss><q>grief</q></gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>
          next to <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>kruñčati</w>
            <gloss><q>it bends</q></gloss></mentioned>. — The formant <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-æn</m></mentioned> forms, among other things, the names of the action: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_axodæn"><w>axodæn</w>
            <gloss><q>breakfast</q></gloss></ref> from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_axodyn"><w>axodyn</w>
            <gloss><q>have a snack</q></gloss></ref> etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
            <biblScope>§ 170<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">I 6</hi></biblScope></bibl>). The form
            <oRef>tūxi</oRef> – influenced by Georgian
            <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230314T004021+0300" comment="?"?><c>-i</c>-nominals<?oxy_comment_end ?>?</etym>
      </entry>
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