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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">zīw</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_zīw" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d2408e66" type="lemma"><orth>zīw</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d2408e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>толока</q>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>assistance (rendered by the entire village)</q>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Толока —
              помочь, сбор населения к одному хозяину, по кличу, для дружной работы, на один день;
              хозяин угощает помочан, и этим способом за один раз сымает хлеб, выкашивает луг,
              молотит и пр.</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Даль"/>
              <biblScope>IV 413</biblScope></bibl>)</quote>. Важный институт общественной трудовой
          взаимопомощи. О нем восторженно отзывался великий поэт Коста Хетагуров в неоконченной
          статье <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Зиу</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
            <biblScope>232</biblScope></bibl>) и в <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Письме к
            землякам</q> (<bibl><title>газ. <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Казбек</q></title>,
              <biblScope>№ 637 от 29 дек. 1899 г.</biblScope></bibl>). Этнографы относят его к
          лучшим традициям народа (<bibl><author>Чурсин</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Юго_Осетия"/>
            <biblScope>162</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Магометов</author>. <title>Культура и
              быт осетинского народа</title>. <pubPlace>Орджоникидзе</pubPlace>, <date>1968</date>,
              <biblScope>стр. 446 сл.</biblScope></bibl> — <bibl><author>Чибиров</author>,
              <title>газ. <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Советон Ирыстон</q></title>
            <biblScope>от 30 ноября 1979 г.</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230719T094714+0300" comment="??"?>Toloka
              means help, the gathering of the population to one owner, by call, for friendly work,
              for one day; the owner treats the helpers, and in this way at one time he collects the
              corn crops, mows the meadow, threshes, etc.<?oxy_comment_end ?></q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Даль"/>
              <biblScope>IV 413</biblScope></bibl>)</quote>. An important institution of
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230719T094806+0300" comment="???"?>social
          labour mutual assistance<?oxy_comment_end ?>. The great poet Kosta Khetagurov spoke
          enthusiastically about it in the unfinished article <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Ziu</q> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
            <biblScope>232</biblScope></bibl>) and in the <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Pis'mo k
            zemljakam [Letter to fellow countrymen]</q> (<bibl><title>newspaper <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Kazbek</q></title>, <biblScope>№ 637, 29 December
              1899</biblScope></bibl>). Ethnographers attribute it to the best traditions of the
          people (<bibl><author>Čursin</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Юго_Осетия"/>
            <biblScope>162</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Magometov</author>. <title>Kulʹtura i
              byt osetinskogo naroda [Culture and life of the Ossetian people]</title>.
              <pubPlace>Ordzhonikidze</pubPlace>, <date>1968</date>, <biblScope>p. 446
              ff</biblScope></bibl> — <bibl><author>Čibirov</author>, <title>newspaper. <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Soveton Iryston</q></title>
            <biblScope>30 November 1979</biblScope></bibl>)</note>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230505T100042+0300" comment="у абаева ре через тире потому что видимо большой ноут" id="tnl_3sp_byb" flag="done"?><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230710T113339+0300" parentID="tnl_3sp_byb" comment="было бы логично, но не знаю как это нормально сделать" flag="done" mid="3"?><orth>zīw
              rakænyn</orth><?oxy_comment_end ?><?oxy_comment_end mid="3"?></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">созвать и организовать толоку</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">to convene and organize assistance</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>zīwwon</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">участник толоки</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">assistance participant</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>помочанин</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>helper</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re xml:lang="os-x-digor">
          <form type="lemma"><lang/><orth>zewwongor</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">тот, кто собирает людей на толоку</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the one who gathers people to help</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zīwwætty</oRef> zarægæj xæxtæ
              nyccarydtyj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">песня помочан огласила горы</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the song of the helpers announced the
                mountains</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>101</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Qotajtæm xosgærdæny <oRef>zīwo</oRef>
              wydystæm</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в сенокос мы были на толоке у Котаевых</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">during haymaking we helped the Kotaevs</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>35</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zīw</oRef> rakodtoj, adæm syn sæ x˳ym
              nykkarstoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">они собрали толоку, люди скосили им поле</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they called for help, people mowed their
                field</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 264</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zīw</oRef> iron adæmy cardwaǵy styr
              bynat axsta... (xosgærdæny) fyccag bonty alḱī jæxīcæn k˳ysta, stæj īw rajdydtoj
              zīwtæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">толока в быту осетин занимала важное место... в
                первые дни (сенокоса) каждый работал на себя, потом начинались толоки</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">help in the everyday life of Ossetians occupied
                an important place... in the first days (of haymaking), everyone worked for himself,
                then they began to help each other</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <biblScope>1962 X 70</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xalon <oRef>zīw</oRef> rakodta, jæxædæg
              mækʼ˳yly cʼūpp ysbadtī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ворона устроила толоку, а сама уселась на
                верхушке копны</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the crow called for help, but sat on the top of
                the stack</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">пословица</note><note xml:lang="en" type="comment">saying</note>; <ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>III 228</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zewwongortæ</oRef> sæ bæxti racæftæ
              kodtoncæ æma idarddær īnnæ mænæwgærdgutæmæ sæ cud isaraztoncæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">те, кто звали на толоку, хлестнули своих коней
                и направились дальше к другим жнецам</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">those who called for help whipped their horses
                and moved on to other reapers</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes._Ka_ke"/>
              <biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kæd gænæn es, wæd... wæ ew
                <oRef>zewwon</oRef> kud racæwa, otæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если можно, пусть один из вас выйдет на
                толоку</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">if possible, let one of you come out to
                help</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes._Ka_ke"/>
              <biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Ср. <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
              <w>ɣ̌ēw</w>
              <note type="comment">(= <w>žēw</w>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-rushani" extralang="sgh-x-bartang sgh-x-khufi"><lang>пам. руш., хуф., пам.
                барт.</lang>
              <w>ɣ̌īw</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
              <w>ɣ̌ayw</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="yah"><lang/>
              <w>ɣ̌iw</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>охота</q></gloss></mentioned>. Близость значений очевидна: коллективная охота
          была, древнейшим видом коллективного труда. Проблема — в этимологии.
              <bibl><author>Morgenstierne</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._Shughni">Shughni</ref>
            <biblScope>38</biblScope>)</bibl> под вопросом возводит шугнанскую группу слов к
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">uz-raiwa-</w></mentioned>. Такое звуковое
          развитие не исключено и для осетинского: как группа <c>sr</c> неизменно давала <c>s</c>
            (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_sy"><w>sy</w>
            <gloss><q>рог</q></gloss></ref>
          <note type="comment">из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">sru-</w></mentioned></note>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sym"><w>sym</w>
            <gloss><q>звук</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">srauma-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_asīn"><w>asīn</w>
            <gloss><q>лестница</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">āsraina-</w></mentioned>), так <c>zr</c> → <c>z</c>. Восстанавливаемое <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">(uz-)raiwa-</w></mentioned>, если от индоевропейской базы
            <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">rei-</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
                <biblScope>860</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, могло означать просто <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">дело</q>; ср. <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>res</w></mentioned> в таких сочетаниях как <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>res
              rnilitaris</w>
            <gloss><q>военное дело</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>res
              rustica</w>
            <gloss><q>сельское хозяйство</q></gloss></mentioned> и т. п. — Сюда еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_færzew" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>færzew</w>
            <gloss><q>угощение</q></gloss></ref> ← <m>para</m> + <w>zew</w>
          <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">то, что следует за толокой</q>, т. е. угощение хозяином
          помочан. — Традиции трудовой взаимопомощи, аналогичные осетинскому <oRef>zīw</oRef>,
          известны многим народам: <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>помочь</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>толока</w></mentioned> (см.
          выше), <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>talkà</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>tàlka</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>eine (gewöhnlich nicht länger als einen Tag dauernde) Arbeit auf dem Lande, zu
                der freiwillige Arbeiter aus der Nachbarschaft geladen werden, die ohne Lohn
                arbeiten, aber am Abend bewirtet werden</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Fraenkel"/>
                <biblScope>II 1053</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. У народов Кавказа:
            <mentioned xml:lang="nog"><lang/>
            <note type="comment">(из русск.)</note>
            <w>talaka</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
            <w>mammat</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kum"><lang>кумык.</lang>
            <w>bulka</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>nadi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>nodi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lzz"><lang/>
            <w>meǯi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lzz"><w>kʼalo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>goaj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>māl</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>belxi</w></mentioned>. Об <lang>абхазском</lang> термине <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><w><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230710T115000+0300" comment="скорее этот символ (вообще это копия с кириллического алфавита, но ровно такого крючка в юникоде нет)" flag="done"?>k̨<?oxy_comment_end ?>araz</w></mentioned>
          см.: <quote><bibl><author>Инал-Ипа</author>. <title>Традиции и современность</title>.
                <pubPlace>Сухуми</pubPlace>, <date>1973</date>, <biblScope>стр. 55
              сл.</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">...объединения общинников
              для взаимопомощи при проведении трудоемких полевых работ</q>)</quote>. К терминам
          этого круга относится, по Ж. <name>Варбот</name>, и <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>орава</w>, <note type="comment">первоначально</note>
            <gloss><q>участники коллективной пахоты</q></gloss></mentioned>, от <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>орать</w>
            <gloss><q>пахать</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><title>Русская речь</title>, <date>1974</date>, <biblScope>№ 3,
                  стр. 100–103</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Cf. <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
              <w>ɣ̌ēw</w>
              <note type="comment">(= <w>žēw</w>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-rushani" extralang="sgh-x-bartang sgh-x-khufi"><lang>Rushani, Khufi,
                Bartangi</lang>
              <w>ɣ̌īw</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
              <w>ɣ̌ayw</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="yah"><lang/>
              <w>ɣ̌iw</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>hunting</q></gloss></mentioned>. The proximity of the meanings is obvious:
          collective hunting was the oldest kind of collective labour. The problem is in etymology.
              <bibl><author>Morgenstierne</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._Shughni">Shughni</ref>
            <biblScope>38</biblScope>)</bibl> uncertainly traces the Shughni group of words back to
            <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">uz-raiwa-</w></mentioned>. Such a sound
          development is not excluded for Ossetic: like <c>sr</c> regularly resulted in <c>s</c>
            (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_sy"><w>sy</w>
            <gloss><q>horn</q></gloss></ref>
          <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">sru-</w></mentioned></note>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_sym"><w>sym</w>
            <gloss><q>sound</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">srauma-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_asīn"><w>asīn</w>
            <gloss><q>ladder</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">āsraina-</w></mentioned>),
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230719T100038+0300" comment="странное предложение получилось. и всю эту статью сложно переводить"?>the
          same way<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          <c>zr</c> → <c>z</c>. The reconstructed <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">(uz-)raiwa-</w></mentioned>, if it is from the Indo-European base <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">rei-</w>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
                <biblScope>860</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, could have meant just <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">affair</q>; cf. <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>res</w></mentioned> in such collocations as <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>res
              rnilitaris</w>
            <gloss><q>military affairs</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>res
              rustica</w>
            <gloss><q>agricultural industry</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. — See here also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_færzew" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>færzew</w>
            <gloss><q>treats</q></gloss></ref> ← <m>para</m> + <w>zew</w>
          <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">what comes after help</q>, i.e., a treat by the owner of
          those who help. — Traditions of mutual labour assistance, similar to Ossetic
            <oRef>zīw</oRef>, are known to many peoples: <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>pomočʹ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>toloka</w></mentioned> (see
          above), <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>talkà</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>tàlka</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>eine (gewöhnlich nicht länger als einen Tag dauernde) Arbeit auf dem Lande, zu
                der freiwillige Arbeiter aus der Nachbarschaft geladen werden, die ohne Lohn
                arbeiten, aber am Abend bewirtet werden</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Fraenkel"/>
                <biblScope>II 1053</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Among the peoples of the
          Caucasus: <mentioned xml:lang="nog"><lang/>
            <note type="comment">(from Russian)</note>
            <w>talaka</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="krc-x-balkar"><lang/>
            <w>mammat</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kum"><lang/>
            <w>bulka</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>nadi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xmf"><lang/>
            <w>nodi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lzz"><lang/>
            <w>meǯi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lzz"><w>kʼalo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av"><lang/>
            <w>goaj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
            <w>māl</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>belxi</w></mentioned>. About the <lang>Abkhaz</lang> tern <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><w><?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20230710T115000+0300" comment="скорее этот символ (вообще это копия с кириллического алфавита, но ровно такого крючка в юникоде нет)" flag="done"?>k̨<?oxy_comment_end ?>araz</w></mentioned>
          see: <quote><bibl><author>Inal-Ipa</author>. <title>Tradicii i sovremennostʹ</title>.
                <pubPlace>Sukhumi</pubPlace>, <date>1973</date>, <biblScope>p. 55
              сл.</biblScope></bibl> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">...associations of community
              members for mutual assistance in carrying out labour-intensive field
          work</q>)</quote>. The terms of this circle include, according to Ž. <name>Varbot</name>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>orava</w>, <note type="comment">initially</note>
            <gloss><q>members of the collective ploughing</q></gloss></mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>oratʹ</w>
            <gloss><q>plough</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><title>Russkaja rečʹ [Russian speech]</title>,
                  <date>1974</date>, <biblScope>№ 3, p.
            100–103</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>