<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">zymæg</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
      <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
      </tagsDecl>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_zymæg" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d2782e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>zymæg</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>zumæg</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d2782e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>зима</q>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>winter</q>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth><ref type="xr" target="#entry_zymægon"/></orth></form>
          <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>zujmon</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">зимний</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">winter (adj.)</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">særdæj, <oRef>zymægæj</oRef>...</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">летом и зимой...</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">in summer and winter...</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>47</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">darǧ xæxxon <oRef>zymæg</oRef> walʒygon bonaw
              nyr ærymysyn æz fyn fenægaw</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">долгую горную зиму я вспоминаю теперь, как
                весенний день, точно в сновидении</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I remember the long mountain winter now, like a
                spring day, as if in a dream</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>18</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zymæg</oRef> ærcæwy, ʽmæ cy xærʒystæm,
              ūj næ zonyn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">наступает зима, и не знаю, что мы будем
                есть</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">winter is coming and I do not know what we will
                eat</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>22</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kæm ī axæm bæstæ, <oRef>zymæg</oRef> ʒy fos
              xīzgæ kænoj?</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">где такая страна, чтобы там зимой скот мог
                пастись?</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">where is such a country where cattle can graze
                in winter?</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Munk."/>
              <biblScope>126</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kūvūt, cæmæj wæ līʒyn <oRef>zymæǵy</oRef> ma
              ʽrcæwa</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">молитесь, чтобы не случилось бегство ваше
                зимою</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">and pray ye that your flight be not in the
                winter</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Марк"/>
              <biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">13</hi> 18</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zumægi</oRef> met arf niwwaruj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">зимой выпадает глубокий снег</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">deep snow falls in winter</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/>
              <biblScope>II 38</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>zumæg</oRef> fæjjevǧudæj,walʒæg
              ærcudæj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">зима миновала, пришла весна</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">winter is over, spring has come</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>I 96</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Общеиндоевропейское слово. Индоевропейская база <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">ǵheim-</w>, <w type="rec">ǵhyem-</w></mentioned>. Отсюда
          закономерно иран. и слав. <mentioned xml:lang="ira" extralang="sla"><w type="rec">zima-</w></mentioned>. Осетинский отражает форму, усиленную суффиксом <m>-ка-</m>
            (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zimaka-</w></mentioned>),
            <lang>персидский</lang> — компонентом <m>-stāna-</m> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zimastāna-</w></mentioned>). В некоторых иранских языках встречается со
          значением <q>снег</q>. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>zam</w>
            <gloss><q>холод</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>стужа</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><w>zamistān</w>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
              <w>zam</w>, <w>zamstān</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="oru"><lang/>
              <w>zimak</w>, <w>zemak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="prc"><lang/>
              <w>zemā</w>, <w>žəmā</w>
              <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                  <biblScope>I 302</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wne"><lang/>
              <w>zəma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>zimai</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
              <w>zəm</w>, <w>zam</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="prn"><lang/>
              <w>zima</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
              <w>zaman</w>, <w>zəmun</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>снег</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="xpr"><lang/>
              <w>zᵃmāg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">zᵃmāk</w> (<w>zmʼk</w>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
              <w>ysumi</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>ysämana</w>
            <gloss><q>зимний</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._Gramm."/>
                <biblScope>19</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary"/>
                <biblScope>353 sq., 351</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>zyam-</w>, <w>zima-</w>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>zəmaka-</w>
            <gloss><q>зимняя вьюга</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>himā-</w>, <w>hemanta-</w>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>hima-</w>
            <gloss><q>стужа</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>śatahima-</w>
            <note type="comment">(ос. <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><w>sædæzym-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>возрастом в сто зим</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>zima</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>зима</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>žiemà</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>zìema</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>hiems</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ga"><lang/>
              <w>gaim</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
              <w>χεῖμα</w>, <w>χειμών</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>стужа</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
            <w>gimmant-</w>
            <gloss><q>зима</q></gloss></mentioned>. — В композите <ref type="xr" target="#entry_saw"><w>sawzym</w>
            <gloss><q>бесснежная (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">черная</q>)
            зима</q></gloss></ref> имеем <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">чистую</q> основу
            <oRef>zym</oRef>; ср. д. <oRef>zujmon</oRef> (а не <w type="rec">zumægon</w>)
            <q>зимний</q>. Ср. наряду с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymæg"><w>dymæg</w>
            <gloss><q>хвост</q></gloss></ref>
          <w>dym</w> в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_būrdym"><w>būrdym</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">желтохвост</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(название птицы)</note></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymītong"><w>dym-i-tong</w>
            <gloss><q>подхвостный ремень</q></gloss></ref>. — Огласовка <c>u</c> (д.
            <oRef>zumæg</oRef>) вместо <c>i</c> не является слишком неожиданной. Неустойчивость
          корневого гласного наблюдается и в других иранских языках: <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ysumi</w></mentioned> рядом с <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>ysämāna-</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>zim-</w> и <w>zəm-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>zamistān</w> и <w>zimistān</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>zam</w>, <w>zim</w></mentioned> и др. Вероятно, в осетинском была переходная ступень
          с редуцированным гласным <w type="rec">zᵊm-</w>, откуда под влиянием <c>m</c> развился
          лабиализованный гласный <c>u</c>, как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_myd"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">myd</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">mud</w>
            <gloss><q>мед</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>madu-</w></mentioned>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">dymyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">dumun</w>
            <gloss><q>дуть</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>dam-</w></mentioned> и
          др. См. еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zym_1"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zym_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zymægon"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>I 129<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">136</hi>, II 54, 82</biblScope></bibl>;
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
            <biblScope>20</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>40</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>19</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">A
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230724T114340+0300" comment="не common?"?>general
          <?oxy_comment_end ?>Indo-European word. The Indo-European base is <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">ǵheim-</w>, <w type="rec">ǵhyem-</w></mentioned>. From here regularly
          there are Iranian and Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="ira" extralang="sla"><w type="rec">zima-</w></mentioned>. Ossetic reflects the form
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230724T114456+0300" comment="усиленную?"?>with<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          the suffix <m>-ka-</m> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zimaka-</w></mentioned>),
            <lang>Persian</lang> – with the component <m>-stāna-</m> (<mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">zimastāna-</w></mentioned>). In some Iranian languages it occurs with the
          meaning <q>snow</q>. Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>zam</w>
            <gloss><q>cold</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>icy cold</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><w>zamistān</w>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
              <w>zam</w>, <w>zamstān</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="oru"><lang/>
              <w>zimak</w>, <w>zemak</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="prc"><lang/>
              <w>zemā</w>, <w>žəmā</w>
              <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                  <biblScope>I 302</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wne"><lang/>
              <w>zəma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>zimai</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
              <w>zəm</w>, <w>zam</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="prn"><lang/>
              <w>zima</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
              <w>zaman</w>, <w>zəmun</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>snow</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="xpr"><lang/>
              <w>zᵃmāg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">zᵃmāk</w> (<w>zmʼk</w>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
              <w>ysumi</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>ysämana</w>
            <gloss><q>winter (adj.)</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._Gramm."/>
                <biblScope>19</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary"/>
                <biblScope>353 sq., 351</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>zyam-</w>, <w>zima-</w>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>zəmaka-</w>
            <gloss><q>winter blizzard</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>himā-</w>, <w>hemanta-</w>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>hima-</w>
            <gloss><q>icy cold</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>śatahima-</w>
            <note type="comment">(Ossetic <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-iron"><w>sædæzym-</w></mentioned>)</note>
            <gloss><q>a hundred winters old</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>zima</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>zima</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>žiemà</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
              <w>zìema</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>hiems</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ga"><lang/>
              <w>gaim</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
              <w>χεῖμα</w>, <w>χειμών</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>icy cold</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
            <w>gimmant-</w>
            <gloss><q>winter</q></gloss></mentioned>. — In a compound word <ref type="xr" target="#entry_saw"><w>sawzym</w>
            <gloss><q>snowless (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">black</q>)
            winter</q></gloss></ref> there is a <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">clean</q> stem
            <oRef>zym</oRef>; cf. Digor <oRef>zujmon</oRef> (and not <w type="rec">zumægon</w>)
            <q>winter</q>. Cf. along with <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymæg"><w>dymæg</w>
            <gloss><q>tail</q></gloss></ref>, <w>dym</w> in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_būrdym"><w>būrdym</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230724T115010+0300" comment="желтохвост?"?>yellow
                tail<?oxy_comment_end ?></q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(bird name)</note></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymītong"><w>dym-i-tong</w>
            <gloss><q>tail strap</q></gloss></ref>. — The <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230724T115047+0300" comment="Огласовка "?>vowel<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          <c>u</c> (Digor <oRef>zumæg</oRef>) instead of <c>i</c> is not too unexpected. The
          instability of the root vowel is also observed in other Iranian languages: <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ysumi</w></mentioned> next to <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>ysämāna-</w></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>zim-</w> and <w>zəm-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>zamistān</w> and <w>zimistān</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>zam</w>, <w>zim</w></mentioned> etc. Probably, in Ossetic there was a transitional
          stage with a reduced vowel <w type="rec">zᵊm-</w>, from where, under the influence of
            <c>m</c> the labialized vowel <c>u</c> developed, as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_myd"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">myd</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">mud</w>
            <gloss><q>honey</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>madu-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">dymyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">dumun</w>
            <gloss><q>blow</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>dam-</w></mentioned>
          etc. See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zym_1"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zym_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zymægon"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>I 129<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">136</hi>, II 54, 82</biblScope></bibl>;
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
            <biblScope>20</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>40</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>19</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
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</TEI>