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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkænyn</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
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    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
    </tagsDecl>
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    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_æxkænyn" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d817e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>æxkænyn</orth><form xml:id="form_d817e68" type="participle"><orth>æxkæd</orth></form></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d817e71" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>æxkænun</orth><form xml:id="form_d817e73" type="participle"><orth>æxkæd</orth></form></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d817e76"><sense xml:id="sense_d817e77"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>запирать</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>lock</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d817e86"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>затворять</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>to shut</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense></sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d817e96">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d817e98">
                        <quote>dwærttæ fīdar sæxkædta</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>крепко заперла двери</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>(she) shut the doors</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
                            187</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d817e117">
                        <quote>dwar raxkæ!</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>закрой дверь!</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>lock the door!</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Munk."/><biblScope>148</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d817e136">
                        <quote>Dysa dwar axkædta æmæ xæʒarmæ bacyd</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>Дыса затворила дверь и вошла в хадзар</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Dysa locked the door and entered in the</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/><biblScope>51</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d817e155">
                        <quote>mīt nywwarydī…, sæxkædta fændægtæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>выпал большой снег, закрыл дороги</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Much snow fell, locked roads</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/><biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d817e174" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>Asægo æfsæn dwar nixkædta</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>Асаго запер железные ворота</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Asægo locked the iron gate</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/><biblScope>6%l7-8%l</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Первоначально сложный глагол, в котором именная часть (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æx</hi>) срослась со вспомогательным глаголом <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘делать’, собственно „делать закрытым“
                    (как <hi rendition="#rend_italic">lyg</hi>
                    <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘резать’, собственно „делать резаным“,
                        <hi rendition="#rend_italic">gom</hi>
                    <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘открывать’, собственно „делать
                    открытым“, и т. п.). Такое же сращение имени со вспомогательным глаголом <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> мы находим еще в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/>(← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧæwaj</hi>
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kænun</hi>) ‘охранять’. Стоит отметить, что форма
                    прош. причастия от <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkænyn</hi> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi>) не совпадает с прош. причастием от
                        <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond)</hi>. Быть может, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kæd</hi> в <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi> и <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi> отражает старое <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kṛta</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">karta</hi> (с утратой r), тогда как <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond</hi> представляет новообразование. *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">Æx</hi> восстанавливается в *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>; в этом виде оно сохранилось в дигорском:
                    д. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxu</hi> ‘(плотно) замкнутый, запертый’ (см.
                        <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxu"/>). Предполагаемая здесь основа <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>- ‘смыкать’, ‘скреплять’ и пр.
                    присутствует, частью с сохранением, частью с выпадением <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>, в ряде слов: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arx"/> ‘сук’ (точнее „место скрепления сука со стволом“),
                        <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arkʼaw"/> ‘клещи’ (= „скрепленное из двух
                    частей орудие“?), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxæg"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxængæ</hi> ‘сустав’ („место скрепления“), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æǧnæg"/> (← *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>-<hi rendition="#rend_italic">næg</hi>) ‘застежка’ (= „скрепка“),
                        <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æxtong"/>( ← *ærx-tong) ‘подпруга’, собственно
                    „скрепляющий (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æх</hi>) ремень (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_8tong"><w>tong</w></ref>)ʼ. Закономерность семантического
                    развития поддерживается, например, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e353" xml:id="mentioned_d817e229" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>giri</w>
                        <gloss><q>застежка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e361" xml:id="mentioned_d817e237" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>узел</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e367" xml:id="mentioned_d817e243" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>сук</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e374" xml:id="mentioned_d817e250" xml:lang="fa"><w>gīra</w>
                        <gloss><q>клещи</q></gloss></mentioned>. Основа *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">arek</hi>
                    со значением ‘замыкать’, ‘запирать’ представлена в ряде индоевропейских языков:
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e380" xml:id="mentioned_d817e256" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
                        <w>arceo</w>
                        <gloss><q>запирать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e388" xml:id="mentioned_d817e264" xml:lang="la"><w>arx</w>
                        <gloss><q>крепость</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e394" xml:id="mentioned_d817e270" xml:lang="la"><w>arca</w>
                        <gloss><q>сундук</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e400" xml:id="mentioned_d817e276" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>άρκος</w>
                        <gloss><q>защита</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e408" xml:id="mentioned_d817e284" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>argel</w>
                        <gloss><q>препятствие</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e417" xml:id="mentioned_d817e293" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
                        <w>rakinti</w>
                        <gloss><q>запирать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e425" xml:id="mentioned_d817e301" xml:lang="lt"><w>rāktas</w>
                        <gloss><q>ключ</q></gloss></mentioned> и др. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Walde—Pok."/><biblScope>I 80—81</biblScope></bibl>. На
                    индоиранской почве, быть может, сюда же относится <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e435" xml:id="mentioned_d817e311" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>rakṣ</w>
                        <gloss><q>охранять</q></gloss></mentioned>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">It is originally a complex word in which a noun part (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æx</hi>) is united with an auxilliary verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘do’, in fact "make closed" (like <hi rendition="#rend_italic">lyg</hi>
                    <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘cut’, in fact "make cut", <hi rendition="#rend_italic">gom</hi>
                    <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘open’, in fact "make open", etc). The
                    same fusion whith auxiliary verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> is also
                    found in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/>(← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧæwaj</hi>
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kænun</hi>) ‘guard’. It is wirth mentioning that
                    the past participle form of the verbs <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkænyn</hi>
                    and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi>) does not match the
                    past participle form of the verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond)</hi>. May be that *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kæd</hi> in <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi>
                    and <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi> reflects older <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kṛta</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">karta</hi>
                    (with the loss of the <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>), while <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond</hi> is a new formation. *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">Æx</hi> is restored as *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>; it is remained in Digor in such way: <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Digor</hi>
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxu</hi> ‘(tightly) closed, locked’ (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxu"/>). A supposed stem <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>- ‘close’, ‘fasten’ etc. is found partially
                    with, partially without <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> in a row of words:
                        <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arx"/> ‘branch’ (more precisely "a place where
                    a branch holds to the trunk"), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arkʼaw"/> ‘pincers’
                    (= "instrument made of two parts"?), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxæg"/> |
                        <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxængæ</hi> ‘joint’ ("a place of fastening"),
                        <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æǧnæg"/> (← *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>-<hi rendition="#rend_italic">næg</hi>) ‘clap’ (= "fastener"), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æxtong"/>( ← *ærx-tong) ‘saddle-girth’, in fact
                    "fastening (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æx</hi>) belt (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_8tong"><w>tong</w></ref>)ʼ. This semantic pattern is
                    supported, for example, by <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e229" xml:id="mentioned_d817e353" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>giri</w>
                        <gloss><q>clap</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e237" xml:id="mentioned_d817e361" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>knot</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e243" xml:id="mentioned_d817e367" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>branch</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e250" xml:id="mentioned_d817e374" xml:lang="fa"><w>gīra</w>
                        <gloss><q>pincers</q></gloss></mentioned>. The stem *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">arek</hi>
                    with the meaning ‘close’, ‘lock’ is found in a row of Indo-European languages:
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e256" xml:id="mentioned_d817e380" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
                        <w>arceo</w>
                        <gloss><q>lock</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e264" xml:id="mentioned_d817e388" xml:lang="la"><w>arx</w>
                        <gloss><q>stronghold</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e270" xml:id="mentioned_d817e394" xml:lang="la"><w>arca</w>
                        <gloss><q>trunk</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e276" xml:id="mentioned_d817e400" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>άρκος</w>
                        <gloss><q>defence</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e284" xml:id="mentioned_d817e408" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>argel</w>
                        <gloss><q>obstacle</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e293" xml:id="mentioned_d817e417" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
                        <w>rakinti</w>
                        <gloss><q>lock</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e301" xml:id="mentioned_d817e425" xml:lang="lt"><w>rāktas</w>
                        <gloss><q>key</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Walde—Pok."/><biblScope>I 80—81</biblScope></bibl>. Because
                    of Indo-Iranian origin, the following word is probably belong here: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e311" xml:id="mentioned_d817e435" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>rakṣ</w>
                        <gloss><q>guard</q></gloss></mentioned>.</etym>
            </entry>
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