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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qazajrag</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_qazajrag" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d2605e66" type="lemma"><orth>qazajrag</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d2605e69">
          <sense xml:id="sense_d2605e70">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>крепостной</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>serf</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d2605e79">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>раб</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>slave</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d2605e88">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>холоп</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>bondman</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; в учебной и научной литературе по истории <oRef/>
          принято и утвердилось в качестве термина <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">крепостной</q>
          — как в адъективном, так и в субстантивном значении.</note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; in the educational and scientific literature on history
          <oRef/> accepted and established as a term <q rendition="#rend_singlequotes">serf</q> —
          both in adjective and substantive use</note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:id="exampleGrp_d2605e114">
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e116">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">qazajrag bar</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_singlequotes">крепостное
                право</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_singlequotes">serfdon</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e134">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">qazajrægtæ rastadysty</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">крепостные восстали</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the serfs have rebelled</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e152">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">zæxkūsǵyty skodtoj qazajrægtæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">крестьян сделали крепостными</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the peasants were made serfs</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><title>SSRC-y istorijy cybyr kurs</title>.
                <biblScope>Tskhinvali, 1938, p. 64</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e175">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">qazargond zæxkūsǵytæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">закрепощенные крестьяне</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">enslaved peasants</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><title><?oxy_comment_start author="julie" timestamp="20220517T132211+0300" comment="там же"?>SSRC-y
                istorijy cybyr kurs<?oxy_comment_end ?></title>. <biblScope>Tskhinvali, 1938, p.
                70</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e201">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ūcy ræstæǵy rastadysty qazajrag
              zæxkūsǵytæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в то время восстали крепостные крестьяне</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">at that time, the serfs rebelled</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><title><?oxy_comment_start author="julie" timestamp="20220517T132236+0300" comment="там же"?>SSRC-y
                istorijy cybyr kurs<?oxy_comment_end ?></title>. <biblScope>Tskhinvali, 1938, p.
                89</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e228">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ūdonæn sæ myggag racyd Xorcevty qazajrag
              Otaræj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">их род произошел от крепостного Хорцевовых
                Отара</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">their family descended from the Khortsevs’ serf
                Otar</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>III 303</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d2605e251" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kud xæssuj kuǯi qazajrag korunmæ næ kižgi
              nifs!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">как осмеливается презренный (<q>собачий</q>)
                холоп просить (руки) нашей дочери!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">how dare a despicable (canine) servant ask (for
                the hand of) our daughter!</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Æduli"/>
              <biblScope>85</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Названия социальных классов восходят нередко к этническим терминам, —
          ср., например, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e425" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e280" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>dasa-</w>
            <gloss><q>раб</q></gloss></mentioned> при <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e433" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e288" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>dāha-</w>
            <gloss>племенное название</gloss></mentioned>; или <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e440" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e295" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>sclavus</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e445" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e300" xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
            <w>esclave</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e450" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e305" xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Sclave</w>
            <gloss><q>раб</q>, первоначально <q>славянин</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ос. <oRef/>
          восходит к племенному названию <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"><w>qazar</w>
            <q>хазары</q></ref> и образовано от последнего, как, скажем, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tætær"><w>tætæjrag</w>
            <q>татарин</q></ref> от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tætær"><w>tætær</w>
            <q>татары</q></ref>. Может показаться странным, что название могущественного в свое
          время народа хазар получило значение <q>раб</q>. Тут надо принять во внимание следующее.
          Во-первых, <oRef/> могло означать вообще <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">происходящий из
            Хазарии</q>, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">купленный в Хазарии</q>: в столице
          Хазарии был невольничий рынок (<bibl><author>Dunlop</author>. <title>The History of the
              Jewish Khazars</title>. <biblScope>Princeton, 1954, стр. 227</biblScope></bibl>).
          Во-вторых, термин <oRef/> в значении <q>холоп</q> мог возникнуть уже после разгрома хазар
          киевским князем Святославом, когда ослабевшие хазары могли легко становиться добычей более
          сильных соседей. — Другими путями и в другом значении название хазар вновь вошло в
          осетинский; см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"><w>qazar</w>
            <q>дорогой</q></ref>. Этимологически <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"/> неотделимо
          от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazaq6q9"><w>qazaq</w></ref>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e512" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e366" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>казак</w></mentioned> и от названия тюркского племени <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e517" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e371" xml:lang="trk"><w>qazax</w>
            <gloss><q>казахи</q></gloss></mentioned>. В них распознается тюркский корень <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e523" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e377" xml:lang="trk"><w>qaz-</w>
            <gloss><q>бродить</q></gloss></mentioned> с разными формантами
              (<bibl><author>Vambéry</author>. <title>А magyarok eredete</title>.
              <biblScope>Budapest, 1882, стр. 69</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Gombocz"/>
            <biblScope>198—199</biblScope></bibl>). Осетинский сохранил исконную, точную форму с
          начальным смычным <c>q</c>, ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e544" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e398" xml:lang="orv"><lang/>
            <w>козары</w></mentioned> и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e549" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e403" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(в топонимике)</note>
            <w>Kozár</w></mentioned>; форма <w>xazar</w> — вторичная. — Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"/>. <lb/><bibl><title>Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte. Festschrift
              F</title>. <biblScope>Altheim, Berlin, 1970, стр. 208—212</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">The names of social classes often go back to the ethnic terms, — cf.,
          for example, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e280" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e425" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>dasa-</w>
            <gloss><q>slave</q></gloss></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e288" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e433" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>dāha-</w>
            <gloss>tribal name</gloss></mentioned>; or <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e295" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e440" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>sclavus</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e300" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e445" xml:lang="fr"><lang/>
            <w>esclave</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e305" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e450" xml:lang="de"><lang/>
            <w>Sclave</w>
            <gloss><q>slave</q>, initially <q>slavic</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ossetic <oRef/> traces
          back to the tribal name <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"><w>qazar</w>
            <q>khazars</q></ref> and it is derived in the same way as, for example, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tætær"><w>tætæjrag</w>
            <q>Tatar</q></ref> is derived from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tætær"><w>tætær</w>
            <q>Tatars</q></ref>. It may seem strange that the name of the powerful people of the
          Khazars at one time received the meaning of <q>slave</q>. Here it is necessary to take
          into account the following. Firstly, <oRef/> could mean even <q rendition="#rend_singlequotes">originating from Khazaria</q>, <q rendition="#rend_singlequotes">bought in Khazaria</q>: there was a slave market in the
          capital of Khazaria (<bibl><author>Dunlop</author>. <title>The History of the Jewish
              Khazars</title>. <biblScope xml:lang="en">Princeton, 1954, p. 227</biblScope></bibl>).
          Secondly, the term <oRef/> in the meaning <q>bondman</q> could have arisen after the
          defeat of the Khazars by the Kiev Prince Svyatoslav, when the weakened Khazars could
          easily become prey to stronger neighbors. — In other ways and in a different meaning, the
          name of Khazars reentered Ossetic; see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"><w>qazar</w>
            <q>expensive</q></ref>. Etymologically <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"/> is
          unseparable from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazaq6q9"><w>qazaq</w></ref>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e366" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e512" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>kazak</w></mentioned> and from the name of the Turkic tribe <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e371" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e517" xml:lang="trk"><w>qazax</w>
            <gloss><q>kazakhs</q></gloss></mentioned>. The Turkic root <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e377" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e523" xml:lang="trk"><w>qaz-</w>
            <gloss><q>wander</q></gloss></mentioned> is recognized in them with different formants
              (<bibl><author>Vambéry</author>. <title>A magyarok eredete</title>.
              <biblScope>Budapest, 1882, p. 69</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Gombocz"/>
            <biblScope>198—199</biblScope></bibl>). Ossetic has preserved the original, exact form
          with the initial bow <c>q</c>, cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e398" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e544" xml:lang="orv"><lang/>
            <w>kozary</w></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2605e403" xml:id="mentioned_d2605e549" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(in toponymy)</note>
            <w>Kozár</w></mentioned>; the form <w>xazar</w> is secondary. — Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazar"/>. <lb/><bibl><title>Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte. Festschrift
              F</title>. <biblScope xml:lang="en">Altheim, Berlin, 1970, pp.
            208—212</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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