<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">bīræǧ</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
        <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
    </tagsDecl>
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    </teiHeader>
    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_bīræǧ" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d4459e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>bīræǧ</orth></form>
                <form xml:id="form_d4459e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>beræǧ</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d4459e72"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                        <q>волк</q>
                    </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                        <q>wolf</q>
                    </abv:tr></sense>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d4459e82">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4459e84">
                        <quote>īw bīræǧ nard xædmæl xordta</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>один волк ел жирную дохлятину</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>one wolf was eating fat carrion</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>85</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4459e103" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>beræǧ-bal ærbacudæncæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>пришла стая волков</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>a wolf pack came</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/><biblScope>II
                            39</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d4459e125">
                        <quote>bīræǧæj xæjræg dær tærsy</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>волка даже чорт боится</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>even the devil is afraid of a wolf</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
                            195</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">В то время как осетинские названия медведя и лисицы точно
                    соответствуют древнеиранским и общеиндоевропейским (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ars"/> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_rūvas"/>), название
                    третьего хорошо известного древним иранцам хищника, волка, не может по своей
                    форме рассматриваться как исконное иранское наследие. Древнеосетинское название
                    волка должно было звучать *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">vṛka</hi>-, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">varka</hi>- (ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e310" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e151" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>vṛka-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e315" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e156" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                        <w>vəhrka-</w></mentioned>), что на новоосетинской почве должно было дать
                    *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærg</hi> или *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærx</hi>-, с наращением -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æg</hi> — <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærxæg</hi> [см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>]. Эта последняя фэрма действительно и существовала
                    в осетинском, но была вытеснена под действием словесного запрета (табу), что
                    было естественным следствием тотемических воззрений (см. нашу работу:
                            <bibl><biblScope xml:lang="ru">Опыт сравнительного анализа легенд о
                            происхождении Нартов и римлян. Сб. памяти Н. Я. Марра, 1938, стр.
                            317—337</biblScope></bibl>).
                    Взамен табуированного <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, сохранившегося
                    только в эпосе как собственное имя, мы находим теперь в осетинском <hi rendition="#rend_italic">bīræǧ</hi>.
                    Откуда идет это слово? Вс. Миллер (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 13</biblScope></bibl>) и
                    Штакельберг (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/><biblScope>47</biblScope></bibl>) указывают на <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e337" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e178" xml:lang="trk-x-north" extralang="chg ug"><lang/>
                        <w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e342" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e183" xml:lang="trk-x-north" extralang="chg ug"><w>bürü</w>
                        <gloss><q>волк</q></gloss></mentioned>.
                    Приведем более полные соответствия по тюркским диалектам: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e349" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e190" xml:lang="uz"><lang/>
                        <w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e354" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e195" xml:lang="ky"><lang/>
                        <w>bürü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e359" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e200" xml:lang="kk" extralang="ba tt-x-kazan"><lang/>
                        <w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e364" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e205" xml:lang="alt"><lang/>
                        <w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e369" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e210" xml:lang="alt-x-teleut"><lang/>
                        <w>pörü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e374" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e215" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><lang/>
                        <w>bür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e380" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e221" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><w>pür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e383" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e224" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><lang/>
                        <w>burö</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e388" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e229" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><w>böre</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e391" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e232" xml:lang="sah"><lang/>
                        <w>börö</w></mentioned> (сюда же относят <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e396" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e237" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                        <w>бирюк</w></mentioned>). При всей близости этих форм к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e401" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e242" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>biræǧ</w></mentioned>, они не дают объяснения конечному -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧ</hi>). С этой
                    стороны ‘более ценными для нас оказываются не тюркские, а некоторые
                    восточнофинские формы: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e407" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e248" xml:lang="chm"><lang/>
                        <w>pirägy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e412" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e253" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="myv"><lang/>
                        <w>virgez</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e417" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e258" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="mdf"><lang/>
                        <w>virgas</w></mentioned>. С этими финскими названиями и следует в первую
                    очередь связывать <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e422" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e263" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>biræǧ</w></mentioned>. Не исключена в то же время возможность, что все
                    приведенные севернотюркские и восточнофинские названия ‘волка’ стоят в тесной
                    первоначальной связи с иранским. В одном из восточноиранских наречий, которому
                    присвоено название <hi rendition="#rend_bold">сакского</hi>, волк зовется <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e427" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e268" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
                        <w>birgga</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru"> (произносилось
                            <hi rendition="#rend_italic">birǧa</hi>)</note></mentioned>. Очевидная близость этого слова к
                    приведенным выше может быть объяснена как результат древних сношений
                    восточнофинских и северно- тюркских народов с иранскими. В пользу этого говорит
                    и то, что западнофинские и южнотюркские языки имеют для волка другое название
                        (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e434" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e275" xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
                        <w>susi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e440" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e281" xml:lang="tr"><lang/>
                        <w>qašqyr</w></mentioned>). Вполне возможно, стало быть, что
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">biræǧ</hi>—иранское (сакское) слово, взамен табуированного <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>. Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærgon"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II
                            56, III 13</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>41</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>35, 49, 70,
                            593</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">While Ossetic names for bear and fox correspond precisely to Old
                    Iranian and a common Indo-European ones (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ars"/> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_rūvas"/>), the name of the third carnivore
                    well-known to the Old Iranian people, a wolf, cannot be considered as an
                    original Iranian heritige due to its form. The Old Ossetic name for the wolf
                    should have sounded like *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">vṛka</hi>-, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">varka</hi>- (cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e151" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e310" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>vṛka-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e156" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e315" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
                        <w>vəhrka-</w></mentioned>), what would give *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærg</hi> or *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærx</hi>- in
                    Modern Ossetic, with the augmentation of the -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æg</hi> — <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærxæg</hi> [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>]. This last form did exist in Ossetic but
                    it was displaced because of word taboo which was a natural consequence of
                    totemic ideas (see our work: <bibl><biblScope xml:lang="en">The experience of
                            a comparative analysis of the legends of the origin of the Narts and the
                            Romans. In memoriam of N.Marr, 1938, p. 317—337</biblScope></bibl>).
                    Instead of the taboo word <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, which
                    remained only in the epics as a proper name, the word <hi rendition="#rend_italic">bīræǧ</hi> is now found in
                    Ossetic. Where does this word come from? Ws. Miller (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 13</biblScope></bibl>) and
                    Stackelberg (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/><biblScope>47</biblScope></bibl>) point to the <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e178" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e337" xml:lang="trk-x-north" dialect="chg ug"><lang/>
                        <w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e183" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e342" xml:lang="trk-x-north" dialect="chg ug"><w>bürü</w>
                        <gloss><q>wolf</q></gloss></mentioned> Here are more correspondences in
                    Turkic dialects: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e190" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e349" xml:lang="uz"><lang/>
                        <w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e195" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e354" xml:lang="ky"><lang/>
                        <w>bürü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e200" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e359" xml:lang="kk" extralang="ba tt-x-kazan"><lang/>
                        <w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e205" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e364" xml:lang="alt"><lang/>
                        <w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e210" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e369" xml:lang="alt-x-teleut"><lang/>
                        <w>pörü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e215" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e374" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><lang/>
                        <w>bür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e221" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e380" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><w>pür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e224" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e383" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><lang/>
                        <w>burö</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e229" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e388" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><w>böre</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e232" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e391" xml:lang="sah"><lang/>
                        <w>börö</w></mentioned> (the following word <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e237" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e396" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                        <w>birjuk</w></mentioned> also refers here). Despite the proximity of these
                    forms to the <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e242" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e401" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>biræǧ</w></mentioned>, they do not explain the final -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧ</hi>. In this
                    sense some Eastern Finnic forms are more valuable than Turkic ones: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e248" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e407" xml:lang="chm"><lang/>
                        <w>pirägy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e253" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e412" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="myv"><lang/>
                        <w>virgez</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e258" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e417" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="mdf"><lang/>
                        <w>virgas</w></mentioned>. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e263" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e422" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                        <w>biræǧ</w></mentioned> should first be associated with these Finnic forms.
                    At the same time, it is possible that all the North Turkic and East Finnic names
                    of ‘wolf’ are in close initial connection with Iranian. In one of the eastern
                    Iranian dialects, which is named <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Khotanese</hi>, the wolf is called <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e268" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e427" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
                        <w>birgga</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (it was pronounced
                            as <hi rendition="#rend_italic">birǧa</hi>)</note></mentioned>. The obvious close relation of this
                    word to the words enumerated above can be explained as a result of the ancient
                    relations of the East Finnic and North Turkic peoples with the Iranian ones.
                    This is also supported by the fact that the West Finnic and South Turkic
                    languages ​​have a different name for the wolf (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e275" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e434" xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
                        <w>susi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e281" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e440" xml:lang="tr"><lang/>
                        <w>qašqyr</w></mentioned>). Thus, it is quite possible that <hi rendition="#rend_italic">biræǧ</hi> is an
                    Iranian (Khotanese) word, instead of the taboo <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>. Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærgon"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II
                            56, III 13</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>41</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>35, 49, 70,
                            593</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
            </entry>
        </body>
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