<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">x˳y_1</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_x0y_1" n="1" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d2477e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>x˳y</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>xu</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d2477e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>свинья</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>swine</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>кабан</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>boar</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>nækʼ˳y</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">боров</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hog</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵir"><w>ǵir</w>
              <gloss><q>нехолощеный самец</q></gloss></ref></note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵir"><w>ǵir</w>
              <gloss><q>ungelded male</q></gloss></ref></note>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>qæddag x˳y</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">дикий (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">лесной</q>) кабан</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wild (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">forest</q>) boar</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tuskʼa" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
              <w>tuskʼa</w></ref>, <w type="rec">wæruz</w> id.; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒærǧ"><w>ʒærǧ</w>
              <gloss><q>свиноматка</q></gloss></ref></note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tuskʼa" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
              <w>tuskʼa</w></ref>, <w type="rec">wæruz</w> id.; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒærǧ"><w>ʒærǧ</w>
              <gloss><q>breeding sow</q></gloss></ref></note>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>x˳ygæs</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свинопас</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hogman</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>x˳yʒarm</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свиная кожа</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hogskin</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>x˳ydon</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свинарник</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">pigsty</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>x˳yjy sær</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <def xml:lang="ru">название старинной скрипки, по форме напоминавшей свиную голову</def>
            <def xml:lang="en">the name of an ancient violin shaped like a pig’s head</def>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æxsænkʼ x˳ymæ ‘swad æmæ jyn zaǧta:
                <oRef>x˳y</oRef>, qīs radt!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">блоха побежала к свинье и сказала ей: свинья,
                дай щетинку!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the flea ran to the pig and said to her: pig,
                give me a bristle!</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОТ"/>
              <biblScope>61</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dærdʒ æf xyztīs x˳yty styr ʒūg</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вдали же от них паслось большое стадо
                свиней</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">here was a good way off from them an herd of
                many swine feeding</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Матфей"/>
              <biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">8</hi> 30</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Angetty fsænʒyx x˳ytæ wæ sændon
              baxordtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ангетские железнорылые кабаны пожрали ваш
                виноградник</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230708T121316+0300" comment="?????"?>Anget<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                iron-nosed boars have devoured your vineyard</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>I 78</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næl x˳y ‘sx˳yssyd ma rīwyl</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">боров улегся на моей груди</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the boar lay down on my chest</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Темыр."/>
              <biblScope>19</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">x˳yjy kærīmæ k˳y waʒaj, wæd jæ særmæ
              xīzy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если подпустишь свинью к куче зерна, она лезет
                на его вершину</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">if you let a pig near a pile of grain, it
                climbs to the top</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><biblScope>пословица</biblScope></bibl>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>III 231</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">u, x˳ytæ! ǵawyrtæ! qamyly x˳ytæ!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">у, свиньи! гяуры! кабаны камышовые!»</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">uh, pigs! giaours! reed boars!</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
              <biblScope>91</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ʒikka gælʒægaw xutæn æz næ radʒænæn næ ewnæg
              kizgi Cærugtæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">как не бросают свиньям <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒykka">ʒikka</ref> (сырную кашу), так не отдам я нашу единственную
                дочь Царуговым</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">just as <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒykka"/>
                is not thrown to the pigs, so I will not give our only daughter to the Tsarugovs</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Æduli"/>
              <biblScope>96</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wæjug læqwæni... sagi fid æma xui qanzæj
              xæssun bajdædta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">великан стал выкармливать мальчика оленьим
                мясом и кабаньим мозгом</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the giant began to feed the boy with deer meat
                and boar brain</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
              <biblScope>2<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">5—3</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru"> Восходит к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">hu-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">su-</w></mentioned>. Ср. <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                <w>xūk</w></mentioned> (в диалектах: <mentioned xml:lang="sgr"><lang>сангисари</lang>
                <w>xu</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="glk"><lang/>
                <w>xi</w></mentioned>), <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                <w>xūk</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ttt"><lang/>
                <w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                <w>xü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hac"><lang/>
                <w>xū</w></mentioned>
              <note type="comment">(<w>khū</w>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>
                  <biblScope>Abt. III, Bd. II, стр. 66</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
              <w>hik</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>xūg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
              <w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
              <w>xäwg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
              <w>xüg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="isk" extralang="yai"><lang/>
              <w>xūg</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>hva-</w> в <w>hva-khāṃdalaja</w>
            <gloss><q>кабаний клык</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>hū-</w> в выражении <phr><w>hū-kəhrpa</w>
              <w>varāzahe</w></phr>
            <gloss><q>в образе свиньи-кабана</q></gloss>, <phr><w>huš</w>
              <w>pərəsō</w></phr>
            <gloss><q>свинья-поросенок</q></gloss></mentioned>,<note type="footnote">K.
              <name>Hoffmann</name> в статье <bibl><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Drei
                  indogermanische Tiernamen in einem Avesta-Fragment</q></title> (Aufsätze zur
              Indoiranistik, II, <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>, <date>1976</date>, <biblScope>стр.
                490—492</biblScope>)</bibl>, видимо, прав, рассматривая <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>hū-</w></mentioned> в выражении<mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <w>hū-kəhrpa</w></mentioned> не как дефектный генитив, а как чистый корень в качестве
            первого компонента сложного слова. <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang>Ав.</lang>
              <phr><w>huš</w>
                <w>pərəsō</w></phr></mentioned> в высокой степени примечательно. Здесь <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>pərəsō</w></mentioned> вместе с <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
              <w>pāʼsa</w>
              <gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned> сближается со <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>prasę</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sh" extralang="cs"><lang/>
              <w>prase</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
              <w>порося</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>поросенок</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>paršaš</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>porcus</w></mentioned> и пр. и представляет авесто-европейскую изоглоссу как
            частный случай скифо-европейских схождений (см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
              <biblScope>12—13</biblScope></bibl>).</note>
          <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>sūkara-</w>
            <gloss><q>свинья</q>, <q>кабан</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
              <w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Sau</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-tchr"><lang/>
              <w>suwo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang>лат.</lang>
              <w>sūs</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
              <w>ὗς</w>, <w>σῦς</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned>. Производными от этого же корня являются
            <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>svinija</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>свинья</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
            <w>suvẽns</w>
            <gloss><q>поросенок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="got"><lang/>
              <w>swein</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang" extralang="goh"><lang/>
              <w>swīn</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Schwein</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned>. Форма <w>xug</w>, обычная в восточноиранских
          языках (см. выше), существовала и в осетинском. Отсюда фамилия <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>X˳ygatæ</w>
            <gloss><q>Хугаевы</q></gloss></mentioned>, в переводе — <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Кабановы</q></gloss>. Из скифского идет <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>hogg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>hog</w>
            <gloss><q>боров</q></gloss></mentioned> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">of uncertain
            origin</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Klein"/>
            <biblScope>I 735</biblScope></bibl>). — <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang>И.е.</lang>
            <w type="rec">su-</w>
            <gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned> одни считают звукоподражательным, другие —
          заимствованием из китайского. <bibl><author>Szemerényi</author> (<title>Kratylos</title>
            <date>1966</date>
            <biblScope>XI 221</biblScope></bibl>) отождествляет его с базой
            <?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230503T171330+0300" comment="не уверена в диакритике"?><mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">sū̌-</w>
            <gloss><q>рождать</q></gloss></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, что представляется
          правдоподобным, если учесть, что из домашних животных свинья — самое плодовитое. —
          Одомашнение кабана восходит к общеиндоевропейской эпохе. Традиция свиноводства прочно
          держалась на европейской почве, но была частично утрачена на почве индоиранской [из
          последних работ см.: <bibl><author>Benveniste</author>. <title>Le vocabulaire des
              institutions indo-européennes, I</title>. <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>,
              <date>1969</date>, <biblScope>стр. 27—36 (глава 2: «<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Une opposition lexicale à réviser: <w>sus</w> et
            <w>porcus</w></q>)</biblScope></bibl>]. Скифо-сарматский мир в этом отношении (как и в
          ряде других) примыкает к европейскому. Здесь свиноводство свидетельствуется от глубокой
          древности. <bibl><author>Геродот</author>
            <biblScope>(IV 61)</biblScope></bibl> сообщает о скифах: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Свиней они не приносят в жертву и вообще не имеют
            обыкновения содержать свиней в своей стране</q>. Первая часть этого утверждения не
          вызывает сомнений: ни у скифов, ни у сарматов, ни у осетин свинья никогда не была
          жертвенным животным. Но вторая часть применима только к кочевым племенам, но не к оседлым.
          По археологическим данным, в эпоху раннего железа свиньи в Сев. Причерноморье составляли
          от 10 до 50 % общего количества домашних животных. [См.: <bibl><author>Tsalkin</author>
              (<author>Цалкин</author>). <title>Economy of East European tribes in the Early Iron
              Age</title>. Tp. VII Междунар. конгресса антропол. и этногр. наук, т. V,
              <date>1970</date>, <biblScope>стр. 542—543</biblScope></bibl>]. Традиция свиноводства
          сохранялась и в более поздние эпохи. В Боспорском царстве <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">основную массу животной пищи составляли бык, овца, коза,
            свинья</q> (<bibl><author>Гайдукевич</author>. <title>Боспорское царство</title>.
              <pubPlace>М.—Л.</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>, <biblScope>стр.
            108—109</biblScope></bibl>). В Прикубанье в сарматскую эпоху <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">свиноводство было широко развито и занимало одно из
            первых мест</q> (<bibl><author>Анфимов</author>. <title>Древние поселения
              Прикубанья</title>. <pubPlace>Краснодар</pubPlace>, <date>1953</date>, <biblScope>стр.
              52</biblScope></bibl>). — Из иранского идут, возможно, абхазо-адыгские названия
          свиньи: <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
            <w>a-x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
            <w>x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
            <w>x̄˳ä</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>gḥ˳ā-</w></mentioned> — См. еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ydon"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0yʒarm"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ygæs"/>.<lb/><bibl>Вс. <author>Миллер</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
            <biblScope>II 74</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
            <biblScope>66</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary"/>
            <biblScope>501</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en"> Goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">hu-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">su-</w></mentioned>. Cf. <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                <w>xūk</w></mentioned> (in dialects: <mentioned xml:lang="sgr"><lang/>
                <w>xu</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="glk"><lang/>
                <w>xi</w></mentioned>), <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
                <w>xūk</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ttt"><lang/>
                <w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                <w>xü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hac"><lang/>
                <w>xū</w></mentioned>
              <note type="comment">(<w>khū</w>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>
                  <biblScope>Abt. III, Bd. II, p. 66</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>,
              <mentioned xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
              <w>hik</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
              <w>xūg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
              <w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
              <w>xäwg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
              <w>xüg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="isk" extralang="yai"><lang/>
              <w>xūg</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>hva-</w> in <w>hva-khāṃdalaja</w>
            <gloss><q>boar fang</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>hū-</w> in the expression <phr><w>hū-kəhrpa</w>
              <w>varāzahe</w></phr>
            <gloss><q>in the form of a pig</q></gloss>, <phr><w>huš</w>
              <w>pərəsō</w></phr>
            <gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>,<note type="footnote">K. <name>Hoffmann</name> in
            the article <bibl><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Drei indogermanische
                  Tiernamen in einem Avesta-Fragment</q></title> (Aufsätze zur Indoiranistik, II,
                <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>, <date>1976</date>, <biblScope>pp.
                490—492</biblScope>)</bibl> is apparently right considering <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>hū-</w></mentioned> in the expression<mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <w>hū-kəhrpa</w></mentioned> not as a defective genitive, but as a pure root as the
            first component of a compound word. <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <phr><w>huš</w>
                <w>pərəsō</w></phr></mentioned> is highly noteworthy. Here <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>pərəsō</w></mentioned> together with <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
              <w>pāʼsa</w>
              <gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned> is close to <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>prasę</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sh" extralang="cs"><lang/>
              <w>prase</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
              <w>porosja</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>porosenok</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
              <w>paršaš</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>porcus</w></mentioned> etc. and presents the Avesto-European isogloss as a special
            case of Scytho-European similarities (see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
              <biblScope>12—13</biblScope></bibl>).</note>
          <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>sūkara-</w>
            <gloss><q>pig</q>, <q>boar</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
              <w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
              <w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Sau</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-tchr"><lang/>
              <w>suwo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
              <w>sūs</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
              <w>ὗς</w>, <w>σῦς</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>. The following words are derived from the same
          root <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>svinija</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>svinʼja</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
            <w>suvẽns</w>
            <gloss><q>young pig</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="got"><lang/>
              <w>swein</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang" extralang="goh"><lang/>
              <w>swīn</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
              <w>Schwein</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>. The form <w>xug</w>, common in Eastern Iranian
          languages (see above), also existed in Ossetic. Here the last name <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>X˳ygatæ</w></mentioned> comes from. <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>hogg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
            <w>hog</w></mentioned> comes from Scythian (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">of
            uncertain origin</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Klein"/>
            <biblScope>I 735</biblScope></bibl>). — Some consider <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">su-</w>
            <gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned> onomatopoeic, others consider it borrowed from
          Chinese. <bibl><author>Szemerényi</author> (<title>Kratylos</title>
            <date>1966</date>
            <biblScope>XI 221</biblScope></bibl>) identifies it with the stem
            <?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230503T171330+0300" comment="не уверена в диакритике"?><mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">sū̌-</w>
            <gloss><q>give birth</q></gloss></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, which seems plausible,
          given that the pig is the most prolific domestic animal. — The domestication of the boar
          dates back to the common Indo-European era. The tradition of pig breeding was firmly
          established in European tradition, but was partially lost in Indo-Iranian culture [For
          recent works, see: <bibl><author>Benveniste</author>. <title>Le vocabulaire des
              institutions indo-européennes, I</title>. <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>,
              <date>1969</date>, <biblScope>pp. 27—36 (chapter 2: «<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Une opposition lexicale à réviser: <w>sus</w> et
            <w>porcus</w></q>)</biblScope></bibl>]. The Scythian-Sarmatian world in this respect (as
          well as in a number of others) adjoins the European one. Here, pig breeding is evidenced
          from ancient times. <bibl><author>Herodotus</author>
            <biblScope>(IV 61)</biblScope></bibl> tells about the Scythians:
            <?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230708T130354+0300" comment="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4&amp;force=y

64"?><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">these Scythians make no offerings of swine; nor
            are they willing for the most part to rear them in their country</q><?oxy_comment_end ?>.
          The first part of this statement is beyond doubt: neither the Scythians, nor the
          Sarmatians, nor the Ossetians have ever had a pig as a sacrificial animal. But the second
          part applies only to nomadic tribes, but not to settled ones. According to archaeological
          data, in the Early Iron Age, pigs in the North. The Black Sea region accounted for 10 to
          50% of the total number of domestic animals. [See.: <bibl><author>Tsalkin</author>.
              <title>Economy of East European tribes in the Early Iron Age</title>. Tp. VII
            Meždunar. kongressa antropol. i ètnogr. nauk, t. V, <date>1970</date>, <biblScope>pp.
              542—543</biblScope></bibl>]. The tradition of pig breeding was preserved in later
          eras. In the Bosporan kingdom, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">the bulk of animal food
            was bull, sheep, goat, pig</q> (<bibl><author>Gajdukevič</author>. <title>Bosporskoe
              carstvo</title>. <pubPlace>Mosocow — Leningrad</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>,
              <biblScope>p. 108—109</biblScope></bibl>). In the Kuban region in the Sarmatian era <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">pig breeding was widely developed and occupied one of the
            first places</q> (<bibl><author>Anfimov</author>. <title>Drevnie poselenija
              Prikubanʼja</title>. <pubPlace>Krasnodar</pubPlace>, <date>1953</date>, <biblScope>p.
              52</biblScope></bibl>). — Abkhaz-Adyghe names of a pig possibly come from Iranian:
            <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
            <w>a-x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
            <w>x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
            <w>x̄˳ä</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>gḥ˳ā-</w></mentioned>. — See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ydon"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0yʒarm"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ygæs"/>.<lb/><bibl>Ws. <author>Miller</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OE</ref>
            <biblScope>II 74</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
            <biblScope>66</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary"/>
            <biblScope>501</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>