<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ᵆrx˳ym</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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      <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_7rx0ym" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d468e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>ᵆrx˳ym</orth></form>
        <form xml:id="form_d468e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ærxun</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d468e72"><sense xml:id="sense_d468e73"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>печальный</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>sad</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d468e82"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>грустный</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>sorrowful</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d468e91"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>удрученный</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>depressed</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d468e100"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>печаль</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>sadness</q>
            </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d468e109"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>тоска</q>
            </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>depression</q>
            </abv:tr></sense></sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; в иронском очень редко; близки по значению <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ænkʼard"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_mætʼæl"/></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; rarely used in Iron; words <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ænkʼard"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_mætʼæl"/> are close in meaning</note>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:id="exampleGrp_d468e137">
          <example xml:id="example_d468e139">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wæ, næ mad, <oRef>ærx˳ymæj</oRef> ma
              bad!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">о наша мать, не сиди печальная!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Oh, our mother, don’t sit sad!</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1965 IX 5</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d468e164" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ci ungæg dæn ci me
              <oRef>ʽrxunæj</oRef>!</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">как мне тяжело (<q>тесно</q>) в моей тоске!</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">how hard (<q>cramped</q>) it is for me in my
                anguish!</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>22</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:id="example_d468e196" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>ærxunbadæ</oRef> kænuj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он сидит удрученный</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">He is sitting there depressed</q>
            </tr>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Формально могла бы соблазнить безупречная близость к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e462" xml:id="mentioned_d468e221" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>xrūma-</w>
            <gloss><q>кровавый</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>страшный</q></gloss></mentioned>, но значения
          слишком далеки. Скорее следует поставить в связь с <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"><w>ᵆrxændæg</w>
            <gloss><q>печальный</q></gloss></ref> и пр. Если в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"/> распознается <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e481" xml:id="mentioned_d468e240" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">granta-</w></mentioned>, т. е. причастие от <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e485" xml:id="mentioned_d468e244" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">gram-</w>
            <gloss><q>сердиться</q></gloss></mentioned> и пр., то <oRef>ᵆrx˳ym</oRef> можно
          возводить к глагольному имени <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e495" xml:id="mentioned_d468e254" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">grama-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e499" xml:id="mentioned_d468e258" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">ghromo-</w></mentioned>, представленному в <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e505" xml:id="mentioned_d468e264" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>ɣaram</w>
            <gloss><q>гнев</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>раздражение</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e516" xml:id="mentioned_d468e275" xml:lang="fa"><w>ɣarmān</w>, <w>ɣarmanda</w>
            <gloss><q>гневный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>раздраженный</q></gloss></mentioned> и в ряде
          германских фактов: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e527" xml:id="mentioned_d468e286" xml:lang="ang" extralang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>gram</w>
            <gloss><q>находящийся в дурном настроении</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e536" xml:id="mentioned_d468e295" xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>gramiz</w>
            <gloss><q>печальный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>мрачный</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>сердитый</q></gloss></mentioned> и т. д. Звуковое развитие <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e550" xml:id="mentioned_d468e309" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">grama-</w></mentioned> → <oRef>ᵆrx˳ym</oRef> представляется
          закономерным. Индоевропейский звонкий придыхательный <c>gh</c> отразился в осетинском на
          этот раз как глухой фрикатив <c>x</c>. Полную аналогию этому дают случаи развития и.е.
            <c>bh-</c> → ос. <c>f</c>. Как из <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e565" xml:id="mentioned_d468e324" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">bhruko-</w></mentioned> имеем <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rfyg" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w><?oxy_comment_start author="Irene" timestamp="20220406T142804+0300" comment="почему не rfyg? и дальше не rxym"?>rfug<?oxy_comment_end ?></w>
            <gloss><q>бровь</q></gloss></ref>, так из <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e581" xml:id="mentioned_d468e339" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">ghromo-</w></mentioned> ос. <oRef>rxum</oRef>. Переход <c>a</c> → <c>y</c> | <c>u</c>
          в соседстве с <c>m</c> наблюдается и в других случаях: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">dymyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">dumun</w>
            <gloss><q>дуть</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e606" xml:id="mentioned_d468e363" xml:lang="ira"><?oxy_comment_start author="Irene" timestamp="20220406T142940+0300" comment="здесь и далее иран.?"?><w type="rec">dam-</w><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cymyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">cymyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">cumun</w>
            <gloss><q>хлебать</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e621" xml:id="mentioned_d468e379" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">čam-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_myd"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">myd</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">mud</w>
            <gloss><q>мед</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e634" xml:id="mentioned_d468e392" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">madu-</w></mentioned>. Дигорский дает в исходе <c>n</c> вместо <c>m</c>, как обычно
              (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>378–379</biblScope></bibl>). Еще одна возможность: возведение к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e648" xml:id="mentioned_d468e406" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">kru-</w>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">с исходным значением</note>
            <gloss><q>стыть</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>коченеть</q></gloss></mentioned>; ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e663" xml:id="mentioned_d468e421" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κρυμός</w>
            <gloss><q>стужа</q></gloss></mentioned>, а в переносном значении <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e671" xml:id="mentioned_d468e429" xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>hrēow</w>
            <gloss><q>сожаление</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>грусть</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e682" xml:id="mentioned_d468e440" xml:lang="ang"><w>hrēowan</w>
            <gloss><q>печалить</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>огорчать</q></gloss>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">и пр. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Falk-Torp"/>
                <biblScope>II 917</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"/>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Formally, an impeccable proximity to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e221" xml:id="mentioned_d468e462" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>xrūma-</w>
            <gloss><q>bloody</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>terrible</q></gloss></mentioned> seems enticing,
          but the meanings are too different. Rather, it should be put in connection with <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"><w>ᵆrxændæg</w>
            <gloss><q>sad</q></gloss></ref> etc. If in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"/>
          there is <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e240" xml:id="mentioned_d468e481" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">granta-</w></mentioned>, i.e. a
          participle form of <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e244" xml:id="mentioned_d468e485" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">gram-</w>
            <gloss><q>be angry</q></gloss></mentioned> etc., then <oRef>ᵆrx˳ym</oRef> could be
          traced back to a deverbal noun <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e254" xml:id="mentioned_d468e495" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">grama-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e258" xml:id="mentioned_d468e499" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">ghromo-</w></mentioned>, present in <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e264" xml:id="mentioned_d468e505" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>ɣaram</w>
            <gloss><q>anger</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>irritation</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e275" xml:id="mentioned_d468e516" xml:lang="fa"><w>ɣarmān</w>, <w>ɣarmanda</w>
            <gloss><q>angry</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>irritated</q></gloss></mentioned> and in a number
          of German words: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e286" xml:id="mentioned_d468e527" xml:lang="ang" extralang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>gram</w>
            <gloss><q>being in a bad mood</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e295" xml:id="mentioned_d468e536" xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
            <w>gramiz</w>
            <gloss><q>sad</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>gloomy</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>angry</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. The sound development <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e309" xml:id="mentioned_d468e550" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">grama-</w></mentioned> → <oRef>ᵆrx˳ym</oRef> seems regular.
          In this case an Indo-European voiced aspirated sound <c>gh</c> reflected in Ossetic as a
          voiceless fricative <c>x</c>. A complete analogy to this is given by the cases of
          development Indo-European <c>bh-</c> → Ossetic <c>f</c>. The same way as <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e324" xml:id="mentioned_d468e565" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">bhruko-</w></mentioned>
          <?oxy_comment_start author="Irene" timestamp="20220531T112742+0300" comment="?"?>led<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          to <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rfyg" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
            <w>rfug</w>
            <gloss><q>eyebrow</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e339" xml:id="mentioned_d468e581" xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">ghromo-</w></mentioned> led to Ossetic <oRef>rxum</oRef>. The change <c>a</c> →
            <c>y</c> | <c>u</c> near <c>m</c> is also present in other cases: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">dymyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">dumun</w>
            <gloss><q>blow</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e363" xml:id="mentioned_d468e606" xml:lang="ira"><?oxy_comment_start author="Irene" timestamp="20220406T142940+0300" comment="здесь и далее иран.?"?><w type="rec">dam-</w><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cymyn"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">cymyn</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">cumun</w>
            <gloss><q>slurp</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e379" xml:id="mentioned_d468e621" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">čam-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_myd"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">myd</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">mud</w>
            <gloss><q>honey</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e392" xml:id="mentioned_d468e634" xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">madu-</w></mentioned>. Digor has <c>n</c> instead of <c>m</c>, as usual (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>378–379</biblScope></bibl>). There is another possibility: to trace back to
            <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e406" xml:id="mentioned_d468e648" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">kru-</w>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">with the
              initial meaning</note>
            <gloss><q>get cold</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>stiffen</q></gloss></mentioned>; cf.
            <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e421" xml:id="mentioned_d468e663" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>κρυμός</w>
            <gloss><q>icy cold</q></gloss></mentioned>, and metaforically <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e429" xml:id="mentioned_d468e671" xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
            <w>hrēow</w>
            <gloss><q>regret</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>sadness</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d468e440" xml:id="mentioned_d468e682" xml:lang="ang"><w>hrēowan</w>
            <gloss><q>sadden</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>upset</q></gloss>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">etc.
                  (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Falk-Torp"/>
                <biblScope>II 917</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. — Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7rxændæg"/>.</etym>
      </entry>
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