<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">twas</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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      <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <entry xml:id="entry_twas" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d3562e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>twas</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>twasæ</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d3562e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>шило</q>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>awl</q>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>twas</oRef> zynæj xīzy acy
              gærzy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">шило с трудом проходит в этот ремень</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the awl hardly fits into this belt</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Arsen"/>
              <biblScope>121</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Totyraʒ arxajy <oRef>twas</oRef>, bæxsnyg,
              teman æmæ ʒæbūgæj — æmpʼūzy jæ cyryqqytæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Тотрадз орудует шилом, дратвой, большой иглой и
                молотком — чинит свои сапоги</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Totradz wields an awl, a shoe-thread, a large
                needle and a hammer – he is repairing his boots</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Arsen"/>
              <biblScope>234</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">alli brigadæmæ dær ǧæwama fagæ wa listæg
              kosænʒawmawtæ...: temantæ, <oRef>twæstæ</oRef>, rast æma kʼæʒtæ, arǧævnæ...</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">у каждой бригады должен быть мелкий рабочий
                инструмент...: большие иглы, шила, прямые и кривые, клещи...</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">each team should have small working tools...:
                large needles, awls, straight and curved, pincers...</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_SD"/>
              <biblScope>245<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">3</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Возводится закономерно к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">θwārštra-</w>
            <note type="comment">(→ <w type="rec">θwāštra-</w> → <w>twasæ</w>)</note></mentioned>,
          от глагола <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">θwars-</w>
            <gloss><q>работать острым орудием</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>θwarəs-</w>
            <gloss><q>резать</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ваять</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>upa-θwarəs-</w>
            <gloss><q>делать отверстие</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>upa-θwarəsa-</w>
            <gloss><q>брешь</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>отверстие</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>upa-θwarštī-</w>
            <gloss><q>пробивание отверстия</q></gloss></mentioned>. Группа <c>str</c> (<c>štr</c>)
          дает в осетинском <c>s</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ræs"><w>ræs</w>
            <gloss><q>напильник</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">rastra-</w></mentioned></note></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xos"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">xos</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">xwasæ</w>
            <gloss><q>сено</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">hu-vāstra-</w></mentioned></note></ref> и др. Формант <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><m>-tra-</m> (<m>-θra-</m>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <m>-tro-</m></mentioned> — обычная примета названий орудий (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Brugmann"/>
            <biblScope>II <hi rendition="#rend_italic">1</hi> 252–253, 488</biblScope></bibl>. —
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Wackernagel-Debrunner"/>
            <biblScope>II § 517</biblScope></bibl>). За пределами авестийского и осетинского
          надежных соответствий не видно
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230111T122350+0300" comment="а что мы с этими скобками делаем?"?>[<?oxy_comment_end ?>cp.:
              <bibl><author>Otrębski</author>, <title>Lingua Posnaniensis</title>
            <biblScope>I 350</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
            <biblScope>I 539</biblScope>
            <note type="comment">(s.v.
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230111T122522+0300" comment="правильные символы?"?><w>Tvastā</w><?oxy_comment_end ?>)</note></bibl>.
          — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
            <biblScope>1102</biblScope></bibl>]. Древность слова на осетинской почве поддерживается
          древностью реалий. <cit>
            <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230111T122745+0300" comment="правильно оформлена цитата?"?>В<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                савроматских, преимущественно женских, Могилах часто встречаются шилья, выкованные
                обычно из железа, иногда костяные, иногда бронзовые</q></quote>
            <bibl>(<author>Смирнов</author>. <title>Савроматы</title>. <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>,
                <date>1964</date>, <biblScope>стр. 107)</biblScope>)</bibl>
          </cit>. <mentioned xml:lang="xas"><lang>Камас.</lang>
            <w>büstöš</w>
            <gloss><q>шило</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Joki"/>
                <biblScope>112</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> представляет, по-видимому,
          скрещение <mentioned xml:lang="alt"><lang/>
            <w>bis</w>, <w>bes</w>
            <gloss><q>шило</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>лезвие</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>острие</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Jarring"/>
                <biblScope>56</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> с <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">twaš</w>
            <gloss><q>шило</q></gloss></mentioned>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Regularly goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">θwārštra-</w>
            <note type="comment">(→ <w type="rec">θwāštra-</w> → <w>twasæ</w>)</note></mentioned>,
          from the verb <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">θwars-</w>
            <gloss><q>work with a sharp tool</q></gloss></mentioned>. Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>θwarəs-</w>
            <gloss><q>cut</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>sculpt</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>upa-θwarəs-</w>
            <gloss><q>make a hole</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>upa-θwarəsa-</w>
            <gloss><q>breach</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>hole</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>upa-θwarštī-</w>
            <gloss><q>hole punching</q></gloss></mentioned>. The group <c>str</c> (<c>štr</c>) gives
          in Ossetic <c>s</c>: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ræs"><w>ræs</w>
            <gloss><q>file</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">rastra-</w></mentioned></note></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xos"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">xos</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">xwasæ</w>
            <gloss><q>hay</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">hu-vāstra-</w></mentioned></note></ref> etc. The formant <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><m>-tra-</m> (<m>-θra-</m>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
            <m>-tro-</m></mentioned> is the usual marker of the names of tools (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Brugmann"/>
            <biblScope>II <hi rendition="#rend_italic">1</hi> 252–253, 488</biblScope></bibl>. —
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Wackernagel-Debrunner"/>
            <biblScope>II § 517</biblScope></bibl>). Outside of the Avestan and Ossetic, reliable
          correspondences are not visible
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230111T122350+0300" comment="а что мы с этими скобками делаем?"?>[<?oxy_comment_end ?>cf.:
              <bibl><author>Otrębski</author>, <title>Lingua Posnaniensis</title>
            <biblScope>I 350</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
            <biblScope>I 539</biblScope>
            <note type="comment">(s.v.
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230111T122522+0300" comment="правильные символы?"?><w>Tvastā</w><?oxy_comment_end ?>)</note></bibl>.
          — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
            <biblScope>1102</biblScope></bibl>]. The antiquity of the word in Ossetic is supported
          by the antiquity of realities. <cit>
            <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T235343+0300" comment="правильно оформлена цитата?"?>In<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T235408+0300" comment="это савроматские?"?>Sarmatian<?oxy_comment_end ?>,
                mostly female, graves, awls are often found, usually forged from iron, sometimes
                bone, sometimes bronze.</q></quote>
            <bibl> (<author>Smirnov</author>. <title>Savromaty</title> [Sauromates].
                <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1964</date>, <biblScope>p.
              107</biblScope>)</bibl>
          </cit>. <mentioned xml:lang="xas"><lang/>
            <w>büstöš</w>
            <gloss><q>awl</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Joki"/>
                <biblScope>112</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> appears to be a
          <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T235502+0300" comment="скрещение?"?>crossing<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          of <mentioned xml:lang="alt"><lang/>
            <w>bis</w>, <w>bes</w>
            <gloss><q>awl</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>blade</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>point</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Jarring"/>
                <biblScope>56</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned> with <mentioned xml:lang="x-sarm"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">twaš</w>
            <gloss><q>awl</q></gloss></mentioned>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
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