<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xærd_2</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_xærd_2" n="2" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="complete">
        <?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231025T202946+0300" comment="Russian checked + English"?>
        <form xml:id="form_d5219e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>xærd</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>xærd(æ)</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d5219e69">
          <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
            <q>подъем</q>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (обычно о рельефе дороги); ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"/></note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (обычно о рельефе дороги); ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"/></note>
          </abv:tr>
          <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
            <q>the rise</q>
            <note type="comment"> (usually of road terrain); ant. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"/></note>
          </abv:tr>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>xærdmæ</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вверх</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">upwards</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>в гору</q>
                <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdygmæ</w></ref></note>
                <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdygmæ</w></ref></note>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>uphill</q>
                <note type="comment"> ant. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdygmæ</w></ref></note>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>æmxærd</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">круто вверх</q>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>æmwyrdyg</w></ref></note>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>æmwyrdyg</w></ref></note>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">steeply upwards</q>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="comment"> ant. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>æmwyrdyg</w></ref></note>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>xærdaiv</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">не крутой, легкпй подъем</q>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdygaiv</w></ref></note>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdygaiv</w></ref></note>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">not a steep, easy climb</q>
              <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="comment"> ant. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdygaiv</w></ref></note>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>fæ-, ys-xærd kænyn</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">двинуться вверх</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">move upwards</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>преодолевать подъем</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>overcome a climb</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">’sbad īw dæ bæxyl!… <oRef>xærdy</oRef> dyn
              ævælmæcgæ bīræ fæwajʒæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сядешь на своего коня!… на подъеме он долго
                будет бежать не уставая</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sit down on your horse!.. on the climb it will
                run up for a long time without fatigue</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Saw ʒwary <oRef>fæxærdgænænmæ</oRef>
              bacxæccæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">она дошла до начала подъема к Черному
                святилищу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">she reached the start of the climb to the Black
                Sanctuary</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>52</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fændag ū <oRef>xærdtæ</oRef> æmæ
              wyrdg˳ytæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(вся) дорога — это подъемы и спуски</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the road is (all) rises and climbs</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
              <bibl xml:lang="ru"><title>газета <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Рæстдзинад</q></title>, <date>25 апр. 1986
                  г.</date></bibl>
              <bibl xml:lang="en"><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Ræstdzinad</q> newspaper</title>, <date>25 April
                  1986</date></bibl></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xærdaiv</oRef> ūrs læǧz qæpænyl q˳yst
              sald wafsy qys-qys</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">на подъеме по белому гладкому снежному насту
                был слышен скрип оледенелых подошв</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">during the rise up over white smooth packed
                snow the creaking of iced soles</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bar."/>
              <biblScope>69</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">zindtæj <oRef>xærdæbæl</oRef> ungæg
              nad</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">виднелась узкая дорога (ведущая) в гору</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a narrow road (leading) uphill was seen</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>67</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sawædonæmæ… arf kommæ urdugmæ cæwyn ǧæwuj,
              fæstæmæ ba si don kærz <oRef>xærdi</oRef> xæssun ǧæwuj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">к роднику надо спускаться в глубокое ущелье, а
                обратно нести воду надо по крутому подъему</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">towards the spring one must descend into a deep
                ravine, and water must be carried back on a steep climb</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <date>1956</date>
              <biblScope>VII 51</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næ wazti nifsæn co fændi liǧz nadbæl, fændi
                <oRef>xærdi</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">одушевленная нашей любовью, шествуй (уверенно)
                хоть по гладкой дороге, хоть в гору</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">animated by our love, walk (assuredly) on a
                smooth road as well as uphill</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Тайм._Мӕ_уарзт"/>
              <biblScope>38</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Axsaq Temur… æ bæxæj rafestæg æj ma ’j
                <oRef>xærdi</oRef> æ fæstæ lasta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Ахсак Темур спешился c коня и на подъеме повел
                его за собой</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Akhsaq Temur came down from his horse and led
                it behind him on the climb</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 84</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kʼaebyla jæ xīcawy kʼaxyl jæ ḱysyl ʒæmby
              aværdta æmæ jæm <oRef>xærdmæ</oRef> ’skast</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">щенок положил свою лапку на ногу хозяина и
                посмотрел на него вверх</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the puppy put its paw onto the master’s leg and
                looked upwards at him</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <date>1956</date>
              <biblScope>V 7</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xærdmæ</oRef> cæwyn kæm qæwy, ūm
              wyrdygmæ cæwyn dær baqæwʒæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">там, где приходится идти в гору, придется идти
                и под гору</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wherever one has to go uphill, one also has to
                go downhill</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">поговорка</note><note xml:lang="en" type="comment">proverb</note></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xærdmæ</oRef> myl ysxæcūt</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">приподымите меня вверх</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">lift me upwards</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 182</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mæg˳yry dūr <oRef>xærdmæ</oRef> sūry</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">бедняка камень преследует (снизу) вверх</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a stone chases a poor man upwards (from
                below)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">поговорка</note><note xml:lang="en" type="comment">proverb</note></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="footnote">Смысл обеих
              поговорок: бедняку во всем не везет.</note>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="footnote">The meaning of
              both proverbs is: a poor man is unlucky in everything.</note>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Sadullæ <oRef>xærdmæ</oRef> ’skast</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Садулла посмотрел вверх</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Sadullæ looked upwards</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>79</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>xærdmæ</oRef> sqīwync tæltæg
              bæxtæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вверх прядают горячие кони </q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ardent horses are jumping upwards</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Хар._Кадӕг"/>
              <biblScope>61</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">В осетинском распознается несколько слов, где перед начальным гласным
          возникает протетический согласный <c>x</c>, нечто вроде <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">затвердевшего</q> spiritus asper; см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xom"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xaj"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xubeʒæstæ"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xyz"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xyzyn"/>. Если такого же
          характера начальный <c>x</c> в <oRef/>, то <w type="rec">ærd</w> сближается с <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>ərədva-</w>
            <gloss><q>высокий</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>arduus</w>
            <gloss><q>крутой</q>, <q>отвесный</q>, <q>высокий</q>, также
            <q>трудный</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xto"><lang/>
            <w>orto</w>
            <gloss><q>вверх</q></gloss></mentioned>. Не исключено, что <oRef>xærd</oRef>
          <gloss><q>подъем</q></gloss> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdyg</w>
            <gloss><q>спуск</q></gloss></ref>, заключая один и тот же корень <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ṛdu</w></mentioned>, этимологически идентичны; при этом два
          варианта, <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ard</w></mentioned>
          <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ṛdu</w></mentioned>, использованы в полярных
          значениях. См. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"/>, а также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"/>. Колебание начального <c>æ</c> | <c>u</c> (<c>wy</c>) — как в
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændyg"/> ‖ <ref type="xr" target="#entry_undugæ"><w>undug</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_styr" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>æstur</w> ‖ <w>ustur</w></ref> и др. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary">Saka Dictionary</ref>
            <biblScope>479</biblScope></bibl>) производит от базы <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">har-</w>
            <gloss><q>идти</q></gloss></mentioned> (<mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">xar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">här-</w></mentioned> и пр.). Но <mentioned xml:lang="os"><c>h-</c></mentioned> перед <mentioned xml:lang="os"><c>a</c></mentioned> в осетинском
          утрачивается, см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_aǧd"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_aly"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æcæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æd"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æm-"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æmæ"/> и пр.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">In Ossetic several wards are recognized where the initial vowel is
          preceded by the prothetic consonant <c>x</c>, something like a <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">hardened</q>
          <foreign>spiritus asper</foreign>; see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xom"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xaj"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xubeʒæstæ"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xyz"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xyzyn"/>. If the initial
            <c>x</c> in <oRef/> is of the same type, then <w type="rec">ærd</w> is close to
            <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>ərədva-</w>
            <gloss><q>high</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>arduus</w>
            <gloss><q>steep</q>, <q>precipitous</q>, <q>high</q>, also
            <q>difficult</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xto"><lang/>
            <w>orto</w>
            <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss></mentioned>. It is not exlcuded that <oRef>xærd</oRef>
          <gloss><q>the rise</q></gloss> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"><w>wyrdyg</w>
            <gloss><q>descent</q></gloss></ref>, containing the same root <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ṛdu</w></mentioned>, are etymologically identical; at the same time
          both variants, <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ard</w></mentioned>
          <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">ṛdu</w></mentioned>, are used in opposite
          meanings. See <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyg"/>, and also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"/>. The alternation of the initial <c xml:lang="os-x-iron">æ</c><c xml:lang="os-x-digor">u</c> (<c>wy</c>) is as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændyg"/>
          ‖ <ref type="xr" target="#entry_undugæ"><w>undug</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_styr" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">æstur</w> ‖
              <w>ustur</w></ref> etc. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary">Saka Dictionary</ref>
            <biblScope>479</biblScope></bibl>) derives this word from the stem <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">har-</w>
            <gloss><q>go</q></gloss></mentioned> (<mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">xar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">här-</w></mentioned> etc.). But <c>h-</c> is lost before <c>a</c> in
          Ossetic, see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_aǧd"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_aly"/>,
            <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æcæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æd"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æm-"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æmæ"/> etc.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>