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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tymyǧ</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_tymyǧ" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d522e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>tymyǧ</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>tumuǧ</orth></form>
        <sense n="1" xml:lang="os-x-iron">
          <usg><lang/></usg>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d522e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>метель</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>blizzard</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>пурга</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>snowstorm </q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>вьюга</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>windstorm</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>буран</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>ærbatymyǧ kænyn</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <sense>
                <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                  <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">собрать</q>
                </tr>
                <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                  <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">collect</q>
                </tr>
              </sense>
              <sense>
                <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                  <q>согнать</q>
                </abv:tr>
                <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                  <q>drive together</q>
                </abv:tr>
              </sense>
            </sense>
          </re>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>atymyǧ lasyn</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ускакать, убежать стремительно</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">run away, run away quickly</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
          </re>
        </sense>
        <sense n="2" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
          <usg><lang/></usg>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>масса</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>multitude</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>скопище</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>crowd</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>разгар</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>climax</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_burdæn" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>burdæn</w>
            <gloss><q>метель</q></gloss></ref></note>
        <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_burdæn" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
            <w>burdæn</w>
            <gloss><q>blizzard</q></gloss></ref></note>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>istumuǧ un</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">усиленно приниматься за какое-либо занятие</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">take up any task vigorously</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" n="1">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wad <oRef>tymyǧ</oRef> xæssy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ветер несет метель</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the wind carries the blizzard</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>43</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wad, <oRef>tymyǧy</oRef> xsītt kæmttæ
              arydta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свист ветра, метели оглашал ущелья</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the whistle of wind and blizzards
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T232145+0300" comment="??"?>resounded<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                the gorges</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>52</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sīsy x˳ynḱʼytæj xæʒarmæ mīty qæpæntæ
                <oRef>tymyǧ</oRef> xæsta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сквозь щели в стене метель наносила в саклю
                кучи снега</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">through the cracks in the wall, the blizzard
                inflicted heaps of snow into the
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T232159+0300" comment="?"?>saklya<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>tymyǧ</oRef> taræj arv æxkæny</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">буря мглою небо кроет</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T232215+0300" comment="нужен нормальный перевод"?>storm
                clouds the sky<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Пушкин</author>.
                  <title>Уацмыстае</title>. <pubPlace>Дзауджикау</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>,
                  <biblScope>стр. 14</biblScope></bibl><bibl xml:lang="en"><author>Pushkin</author>.
                  <title>Uacmystæ</title>. <pubPlace>Dzaudzhikau</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>,
                  <biblScope>p. 14</biblScope></bibl></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ærzyld <oRef>tymyǧ</oRef> bontæ Ælbeǵy
              myggagyl</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">наступили мрачные («метельные») дни для рода
                Албега</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">gloomy (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">blizzard</q>) days have come for the Albeg clan</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/>
              <biblScope>103</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" n="2">
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fændag bajʒag æj bæxgintæj,
                <oRef>tumuǧ</oRef> cudæncæ tar meǧaw</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">дорога заполнилась конными, они двигались
                массой подобно темной туче</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the road was filled with horsemen, they moved
                in mass like a dark cloud</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>73</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wæ <oRef>tumuǧ</oRef> win tænæg
              kænʒænæncæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">они разредят вашу массу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they will thin your mass</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><biblScope xml:lang="ru">из песни «Badeliati
                zar»</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">from the song <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Badeliati zar</q></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">niccæjǧavuj i <oRef>tumuǧmæ</oRef>, fat ne
              ʽvgawgængæj æxsuj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">он нацеливается на скопление (врагов) (и), не
                жалея пуль, стреляет</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he aims at a cluster (of enemies and), sparing
                no bullets, shoots</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ǧarængitæbæl <oRef>istumuǧ</oRef> uj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">она начинает причитать</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">she starts wailing</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes._Ka_ke"/>
              <biblScope>53</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">kæræ ævgænunbæl <oRef>istumuǧ</oRef>
              æncæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">они принялись нагружать зерно</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they began to load the grain</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes._Ka_ke"/>
              <biblScope>90</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">zar <oRef>istumuǧ</oRef> æj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">пение пошло вовсю</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the singing was
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T232419+0300" comment="??"?>in
                full swing<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1949 II 28</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ǧazt <oRef>tumuǧæj</oRef>
              <oRef>tumuǧdær</oRef> kodta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">пляска становилась все более бурной</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the dance became more and more
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T232456+0300" comment="а так ок?"?>stormy<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <biblScope>1949 II 28</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næ fæzzægæn æ <oRef>tumuǧmæ</oRef> max ǧæwama
              wæn cættæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">к осенней страде мы должны быть готовы</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">we must be ready for the autumn season</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_SD"/>
              <biblScope>99<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">3</hi></biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Вероятно, восходит к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">tamuga-</w></mentioned> от <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">tam-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">tem-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>тьма</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>мрак</q></gloss></mentioned>. Метель, при которой
          поле зрения резко сокращается, приравнивалась к темноте: плохая видимость = <q>мрак</q>.
          Сужение гласного <c>a</c> → <c>y</c> | <c>u</c> перед <c>m</c> — как в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cymyn"><w>cymyn</w>
            <gloss><q>хлебать</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">čam-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymyn"><w>dymyn</w>
            <gloss><q>дуть</q></gloss></ref> из <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">dam-</w></mentioned>. Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tam</w>
            <gloss><q>бельмо</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>чернота</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>tam</w>, <w>tum</w>, <w>tumīk</w>
            <gloss><q>темный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>тьма</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
            <w>tör-tam</w>
            <gloss><q>тьма</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(для первой части этого синонимического параллелизма ср. ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tar_1"/>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">tamū</w>
            <note type="comment">(<w>tmw</w>)</note>
            <gloss><q>ад</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(«царство тьмы»)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><w>tamīk</w>
            <note type="comment">(<w>tmʼyk</w>)</note>
            <gloss><q>адский</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <w>təmah-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
              <w>tamas-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>тьма</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>tьma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>тьма</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>темный</w></mentioned> и пр.
              (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
            <biblScope>1063 сл.</biblScope></bibl>). В значении <q>ад</q> (согд.) слово вошло в
          тюркские и монгольские языки: <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tamuγ</w>
            <gloss><q>ад</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1002</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>460</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 568–569</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Любопытно
          семантическое развитие слова на дигорской почве. Здесь <oRef>tumuǧ</oRef> означает
          интенсивную, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">буранную</q> степень какого-либо действия,
          работы, пения, пляски. Значение <q>масса</q>, которое также документируется в дигорском,
          заставляет вспомнить <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>tömeg</w>
            <gloss><q>масса</q></gloss></mentioned>. Случайное совпадение?</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Probably, goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">tamuga-</w></mentioned> from <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">tam-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
              <w type="rec">tem-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>darkness</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>obscurity</q></gloss></mentioned>. A
          snowstorm, in which the field of view is sharply reduced, was equated to darkness: poor
          visibility = <q>darkness</q>. The narrowing of the vowel <c>a</c> → <c>y</c> | <c>u</c>
          before <c>m</c> is as in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cymyn"><w>cymyn</w>
            <gloss><q>slurp</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">čam-</w></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_dymyn"><w>dymyn</w>
            <gloss><q>blow</q></gloss></ref> from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">dam-</w></mentioned>. Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tam</w>
            <gloss><q>wall-eye</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>blackness</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>tam</w>, <w>tum</w>, <w>tumīk</w>
            <gloss><q>dark</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>darkness</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
            <w>tör-tam</w>
            <gloss><q>darkness</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(for the first part of this synonymous parallelism cf. Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tar_1"/>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">tamū</w>
            <note type="comment">(<w>tmw</w>)</note>
            <gloss><q>hell</q></gloss>
            <note type="comment">(<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">kingdom of
            darkness</q>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sog"><w>tamīk</w>
            <note type="comment">(<w>tmʼyk</w>)</note>
            <gloss><q>hellish</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
              <w>təmah-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
              <w>tamas-</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>darkness</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
            <w>tьma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>t'ma</w>
            <gloss><q>darkness</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>temnyj</w></mentioned> etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
            <biblScope>1063 ff.</biblScope></bibl>). In the meaning <q>hell</q> (Sogdian) the word
          entered the Turkic and Mongolian languages: <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tamuγ</w>
            <gloss><q>hell</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
                <biblScope>III 1002</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/>
                <biblScope>460</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 568–569</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The semantic
          development of the word in Digor is curious. Here <oRef>tumuǧ</oRef> means an intense, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">stormy</q> degree of any action, work, singing, dancing.
          The meaning
            <q><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230313T232952+0300" comment="или тоже mass (и выше)"?>multitude<?oxy_comment_end ?></q>,
          which is also documented in Digor, makes one remember <mentioned xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
            <w>tömeg</w>
            <gloss><q>mass</q></gloss></mentioned>. Coincidence?</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>