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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">synt_1</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_synt_1" n="1" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d1056e66" type="lemma"><orth>synt</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>ворон</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>raven</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>Corvus corax</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>Corvus corax</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ūdonæn sæ ræǧaw æfsænʒyx bīræǧ æmæ æfsænʒyx
                <oRef>synt</oRef> æmæ æfsænʒyx wyrs qaqqænæg wydysty</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">сторожами их табуна были железнорылый волк,
                ворон с железным клювом и железномордый жеребец</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">their herd was guarded by an iron-nosed wolf,
                an iron-beaked raven, and an iron-faced stallion</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОТ"/>
              <biblScope>81</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fos, qomæj īw dær nal fervæzt, syrdty,
                <oRef>syntyty</oRef> xælættag festy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">из мелкого и крупного скота никто не спасся,
                они стали добычей зверей, воронов</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">from small and large livestock, no one left
                alive, they became the prey of animals and ravens</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>44</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">jæ saw ʒykkatæ — <oRef>synty</oRef>
              bazyraw</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ее черные косы — как вороново крыло</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">her black braids are like a ravenʼs wing</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>103</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæ cæst dyn saw <oRef>synt</oRef> yskʼaxʒæn
              rajsom</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">твой глаз черный ворон выклюет завтра</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">your eye will be pecked out by a black raven
                tomorrow</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Niger"/>
              <biblScope>179</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nyr syn sæ qambūl cæstytæ ʽmæ sæ syrx wadūltæ
                <oRef>syntytæ</oRef> ʽmæ rūvæstæn næ nywwaʒʒynæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">теперь я не оставлю их большие глаза и румяные
                щеки воронам и лисицам</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">now I will not leave their big eyes and ruddy
                cheeks to ravens and foxes</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
              <biblScope>17</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sawǵyntæ sæ pælæzty badtysty fynǵy sær, dywwæ
                <oRef>synty</oRef> xolyjyl k˳yd bag˳ybyr oj, æmæ xordtoj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">попы в своих рясах сидели во главе стола
                подобно двум воронам, склонившимся над падалью, и ели</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">priests sat at the head of the table in their
                cassocks, like two ravens bent over carrion, and were eating</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>129</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">zumægon cʼewtæ æncæ: xalon, cʼax, bælæw,
              ǧædkʼwær, ʒæǧinʒæg, <oRef>sunt</oRef> æma ændærtæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">зимние птицы суть: ворона, галка, голубь,
                дятел, сорока, ворон и другие</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">winter birds are: raven, jackdaw, dove,
                woodpecker, magpie, raven and others</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_FS"/>
              <biblScope>I 19</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tujǧantæmæ ku fæwwoʒænæj <oRef>sunt</oRef>-
              fædeson, xalon-ǧærgænæg</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ворон будет звать Тугановых на тревогу, ворона
                будет к ним траурным вестником</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the raven will alarm  Tuganovs, the crow will
                be a mourning herald to them</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">из песни о
                гибели Татаркана Туганова</note><note xml:lang="en" type="comment">from a song about
                the death of Tatarkan Tuganov</note>: <ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
              <biblScope>56</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æ saw ærfgutæ — <oRef>sunti</oRef>
              bazurtaw</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ее черные брови — как крылья ворона</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">her black eyebrows are like ravenʼs wings</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 24</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Istur Digori xonxæj saw <oRef>sunt</oRef>
              rataxtæj, — saw sunt n’ adtæj, Qarabuǧati mingi Qarabuǧa adtæj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">с горы Стур Дигора вылетел черный ворон, — то
                был не черный ворон, то был малый Карабуга Карабугаев</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a black raven flew out from Mount Stur Digor —
                it was not a black raven, it was small Karabuga Karabugaev</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
              <biblScope>55</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Надежные соответствия в восточноиранских языках: <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
            <w>šönd</w>, <w>ṣ̌εnd</w>
            <gloss><q>ворон</q></gloss><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Shaw"/>
                <biblScope>243</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                <biblScope>II 543</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Lorimer"/>
                <biblScope>II 234</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="khw"><lang/>
            <note type="comment">(из ваханского?)</note>
            <w>ṣ̌onthu</w>
            <note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._Rep._Afgh."/>
                <biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                <biblScope>441</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOS"/>
                <biblScope>1939 VII 662</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ṣṣundā-</w>
            <gloss><q>ворон</q></gloss><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Leumann"/>
                <biblScope>509</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/>
                <biblScope>178</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOS"/>
                <biblScope>1942 X 585</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. По догадке <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Томашка</hi>, восходит к <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">śwanta-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">spanta-</w>
            <gloss><q>священный</q></gloss></mentioned>: <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">священная, вещая птица</q></gloss>, птица Митры, Аполлона, Одина. Но <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">śwanta-</w></mentioned> отражено в сакском в виде <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>śśanda-</w><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
                <biblScope>VI 336</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Konow</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/><biblScope>178</biblScope></bibl>) сближает <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>śśanda-</w></mentioned> с <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>srvant-</w>
            <gloss><q>подкрадывающийся (зверь)</q></gloss></mentioned>. Можно высказать — со всей
          осторожностью — еще одно предположение: возводить рассматриваемое слово к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">syāvavant-</w> →<w type="rec">syāvant-</w>
            <note type="comment">от <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>syāva-</w>
                <gloss><q>черный</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>. Образования на
            <c>-vant-</c> от имен прилагательных известны (<quote><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Wackernagel-Debrunner"/>
              <biblScope>II 2 877</biblScope></bibl>: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Plеоnastisch
              findet sich -vant- gelegentlich hinter Adjektivstämmen ohne neues
            Bedeutungsmoment</q></quote>), например <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>nīlavavant-</w>
            <note type="comment">от <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>nīla-</w>
                <gloss><q>темно-синий</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>. Не рискованно ли
          допустить столь сильное стяжение: <w type="rec">syāvavant-</w> → <oRef>sunt</oRef>? Думаю,
          что не более рискованно, чем, скажем, стяжение <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/><w type="rec"> (h)uvaipašiya</w></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>xīš</w></mentioned> (см.: <bibl><author>Szemerényi</author>. <title>Syncope in Greek
              and Indo- European. Naples</title>, <pubPlace>Naples</pubPlace>, <date>1964</date>,
              <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр. 359 сл.</biblScope></bibl>). Тенденция к сужению гласных
          перед носовыми могла быть добавочным фактором превращения <w type="rec">syāvant-</w> в
            <oRef>sunt</oRef>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>III 168</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Tomaschek"/>
            <biblScope>771—772</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
            <biblScope>543</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Asica"/>
            <biblScope>24</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><title>Indian Linguistics</title>
            <biblScope>XXI 3</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT">KhT</ref>
            <biblScope>VI 352</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">There are robust correspondences in Eastern Iranian languages:
            <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
            <w>šönd</w>, <w>ṣ̌εnd</w>
            <gloss><q>raven</q></gloss><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Shaw"/>
                <biblScope>243</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                <biblScope>II 543</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Lorimer"/>
                <biblScope>II 234</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="khw"><lang/>
            <note type="comment">(from Wakhan?)</note>
            <w>ṣ̌onthu</w>
            <note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._Rep._Afgh."/>
                <biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
                <biblScope>441</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOS"/>
                <biblScope>1939 VII 662</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ṣṣundā-</w>
            <gloss><q>raven</q></gloss><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Leumann"/>
                <biblScope>509</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/>
                <biblScope>178</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOS"/>
                <biblScope>1942 X 585</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. As guessed by <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Tomashek</hi>, it goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">śwanta-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">spanta-</w>
            <gloss><q>sacred</q></gloss></mentioned>: <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">sacred, prophetic bird</q></gloss>, bird of Mitra, Apollo, Odin. However, <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
            <w type="rec">śwanta-</w></mentioned> reflected in Saka in the form <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><w>śśanda-</w><note type="bibl"> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
                <biblScope>VI 336</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Konow</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/><biblScope>178</biblScope></bibl>) brings together <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>śśanda-</w></mentioned> with <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>srvant-</w>
            <gloss><q>creeping (animal)</q></gloss></mentioned>. We can make, with all caution, one
          more suggestion: to trace the word in question back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w type="rec">syāvavant-</w> →<w type="rec">syāvant-</w>
            <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>syāva-</w>
                <gloss><q>black</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>. Deadjectival derivations
          with <c>-vant-</c> are well-known (<quote><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Wackernagel-Debrunner"/>
              <biblScope>II 2 877</biblScope></bibl>: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Pleonastisch
              findet sich -vant- gelegentlich hinter Adjektivstämmen ohne neues
            Bedeutungsmoment</q></quote>), e.g., <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>nīlavavant-</w>
            <note type="comment">from <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><w>nīla-</w>
                <gloss><q>dark blue</q></gloss></mentioned></note></mentioned>. Isnʼt it risky to
          allow such a strong contraction: <w type="rec">syāvavant-</w> → <oRef>sunt</oRef>? I do
          not think that this is more risky than, say, contraction of <mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/><w type="rec"> (h)uvaipašiya</w></mentioned> → <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>xīš</w></mentioned> (see: <bibl><author>Szemerényi</author>. <title>Syncope in Greek
              and Indo- European. Naples</title>, <pubPlace>Naples</pubPlace>, <date>1964</date>,
              <biblScope xml:lang="en">p. 359 ff.</biblScope></bibl>). The tendency for vowels to
          narrow before nasals may have been an additional factor in the transformation of <w type="rec">syāvant-</w> to <oRef>sunt</oRef>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>III 168</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Tomaschek"/>
            <biblScope>771—772</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Morgenstierne._IIFL"/>
            <biblScope>543</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Asica"/>
            <biblScope>24</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><title>Indian Linguistics</title>
            <biblScope>XXI 3</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT">KhT</ref>
            <biblScope>VI 352</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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