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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tuman</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_tuman" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
        <form xml:id="form_d4865e66" type="lemma"><orth>tuman</orth></form>
        <sense>
          <sense xml:id="sense_d4865e69">
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>10 рублей</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>ten rubles</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>червонец</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>chervonets</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ast <oRef>tumany</oRef> jæm æxca wydī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">восемьдесят рублей у него было денег</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he had eighty rubles
                (<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T130747+0300" comment="ok?"?>his
                money was eighty rubles<?oxy_comment_end ?>)</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>60</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">somīxagæj dæs æmæ ssæʒ <oRef>tumany</oRef>
              darys</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ты должен армянину триста рублей</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">you owe
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T130809+0300" comment="??"?>an<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                Armenian three hundred rubles</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>62</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Maskʼa Erystaw-ældaræn fonʒ
                <oRef>tumany</oRef> radta æmæ Dysajy balxædta jæxīcæn ūsæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Маска вручил Эристав-алдару пятьдесят рублей и
                купил себе в жены Дысу</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T130916+0300" comment="как правильно транслитерировать?"?>Maskʼa<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                gave
                <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T131012+0300" comment="?"?>Eristav-Aldar<?oxy_comment_end ?>
                fifty rubles and bought Dysa as his wife</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>90</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæs <oRef>tumany</oRef> arǧ bæxyl dyn æz
              yssæʒ dæddyn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">за коня ценой в сто рублей я даю тебе
                двести</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">for a horse worth a hundred rubles, I give you
                two hundred</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
              <biblScope>148</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz... jæ ʒyppy ærtissæʒ
                <oRef>tumany</oRef> cæværdta æmæ K˳yrdalægonmæ ʽssydī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Батраз положил в карман шестьсот рублей и
                отправился к Курдалагону</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz put six hundred rubles in his pocket and
                went to Kurdalægon</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>I 18</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">barægæn sūsægæj gærtam baxæryn kodtoj, radtoj
              jyn ærtæ <oRef>tumany</oRef>, (dūǧy) ærdægfændagyl dæxī bæxæj appar, zæǧgæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">всаднику тайком дали («скормили») взятку,
                вручили ему тридцать рублей, чтобы (на скачках) он на полпути свалился с коня</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the rider was secretly given a bribe, he was
                given thirty rubles so that (at the races) he would fall off his horse halfway</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>III 277</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Как и названия некоторых других денежных единиц (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_abazi"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_swari"/>), ведет в Персию:
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tūmān</w>
            <gloss>денежная единица, равная пятидесяти <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><w>abbāsi</w>
                <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">(<ref type="xr" target="#entry_abazi" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                    <w>abazi</w> = <gloss>20 копеек</gloss></ref>)</note></mentioned>, десяти
              риалам, в прошлом десяти тысячам динаров</gloss></mentioned>. Вошло едва ли не во все
          языки Кавказа: <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>tuman</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>tumani</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av" extralang="dar"><lang/>
            <w>tumen</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lbe"><lang/>
            <w>tuman</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
            <w>tüma</w>, <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">мн. ч. <w>tümanaš</w></note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>tuma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>tumän</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
            <w>tuman</w></mentioned>. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang>Перс.</lang>
            <w>tūmān</w></mentioned> идет в свою очередь из <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tümän</w>
            <gloss><q>десять тысяч</q></gloss>, а также <gloss><q>денежная единица</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/> <biblScope>498, 504</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Clauson"/>
                <biblScope>507</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 632–642</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Сюда же
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>tьma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w>тьма</w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>множество</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>10000</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="txb"><lang/>
            <w>tumane</w>
            <gloss><q>10000</q></gloss></mentioned>. В значении денежной единицы слово было
          воспринято обратно из персидского в тюркский (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
            <biblScope>III 1518</biblScope></bibl>). Вопрос о первоисточнике остается спорным:
          тохарский? китайский? — См. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_abazi"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_swari"/>, а также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_som_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kapek6k9"><w>kapekk</w></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Шегрен"/>
            <biblScope>141</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>I 118<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">10</hi></biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/>
            <biblScope>10</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>132</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>66</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Like the names of some other monetary units (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_abazi"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_swari"/>), leads to Persia:
            <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tūmān</w>
            <gloss>monetary unit equal to fifty <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><w>abbāsi</w>
                <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">(<ref type="xr" target="#entry_abazi" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
                    <w>abazi</w> = <gloss>20 kopecks</gloss></ref>)</note></mentioned>, ten rials,
              formerly ten thousand dinars</gloss></mentioned>. It
          e<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T131353+0300" comment="??"?>ntered<?oxy_comment_end ?>
          almost all the languages of the Caucasus: <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
            <w>tuman</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
            <w>tumani</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="av" extralang="dar"><lang/>
            <w>tumen</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lbe"><lang/>
            <w>tuman</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
            <w>tüma</w>, <note xml:lang="en" type="comment">plural <w>tümanaš</w></note></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
            <w>tuma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
            <w>tumän</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
            <w>tuman</w></mentioned>. <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
            <w>tūmān</w></mentioned> is in its turn from <mentioned xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
            <w>tümän</w>
            <gloss><q>ten thousand</q></gloss>, and also <gloss><q>currency unit</q></gloss>
            <note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Räsänen._Versuch"/> <biblScope>498, 504</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Clauson"/>
                <biblScope>507</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Doerfer"/>
                <biblScope>II 632–642</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. See also
              <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
              <w>tьma</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
              <w><?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T131518+0300" comment="?"?>t'ma<?oxy_comment_end ?></w></mentioned>
            <gloss><q>multitude</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>10000</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="txb"><lang/>
            <w>tumane</w>
            <gloss><q>10000</q></gloss></mentioned>. In the meaning of the monetary unit, the word
          was <?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230122T131540+0300" comment="?"?>taken
          back<?oxy_comment_end ?> from Persian to Turkic (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Радлов"/>
            <biblScope>III 1518</biblScope></bibl>). The question of the original source remains
          controversial: Tocharian? Chinese? — See <ref type="xr" target="#entry_abazi"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_swari"/>, and also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_som_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kapek6k9"><w>kapekk</w></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Шегрен"/>
            <biblScope>141</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>I 118<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">10</hi></biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/>
            <biblScope>10</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>132</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
            <biblScope>66</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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