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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wyrdyg</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
            <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
            <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_wyrdyg" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d3465e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>wyrdyg</orth></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>urdug</orth></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d3465e69" n="1">
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>отвесный</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>steep</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>прямо стоящий</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>straight standing</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>вертикальный</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>vertical</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>wyrdygon</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">временный опорный столб</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">temporary support post</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (сообщение Ивана <name>Джанаева</name>)</note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (the message of Ivan <name>Dzhanaev</name>)</note>
          </re>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>wyrdyg læwwyn</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_doublequotes">стоять
                  прямо</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_doublequotes">to stand
                  straight</q>
              </tr>
              <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> = <gloss><q>прислуживать за
                столом</q></gloss></note>
              <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> = <gloss><q>to serve, wait at the
                  table</q></gloss></note>
            </sense>
          </re>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>wyrdyǵystæg</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_doublequotes">стоящий
                  прямо</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rendition="#rend_doublequotes">one who stands
                  straight</q>
              </tr>
              <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> = <gloss><q>прислуживающий за столом</q></gloss>,
                    <gloss><q>виночерпий</q></gloss></note>
              <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> = <gloss><q>on who waits at the table</q></gloss>,
                    <gloss><q>cupbearer</q></gloss></note>
            </sense>
          </re>
          <re>
            <form type="lemma"><orth>wyrdyglæwwæg</orth></form>
            <sense>
              <def xml:lang="ru">id.</def>
              <def xml:lang="en">id.</def>
            </sense>
          </re>
        </sense>
        <sense n="2">
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>крутой спуск (дороги)</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>steep descent (of a road)</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>крутой склон (горы)</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>steep slope (of a mountain)</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>покатость</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>slope</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærd</w>
              <gloss><q>подъем</q></gloss></ref>)</note>
          <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (the antonym is <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærd</w>
              <gloss><q>the rise</q></gloss></ref>)</note>
        </sense>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>wyrdygæj</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">стоя</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">standing</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>в стоячем положении</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>in a standing position</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>wyrdygmæ</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вниз</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">down</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>под гору</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>downhill</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
            <note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (ант. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærdmæ</w>
                <gloss><q>в гору</q></gloss></ref>)</note>
            <note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (the antonym is <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærdmæ</w>
                <gloss><q>uphill</q></gloss></ref>)</note>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma"><orth>æmwyrdyg</orth></form>
          <sense>
            <sense>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">круто вниз</q>
              </tr>
              <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
                <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">steeply down</q>
              </tr>
            </sense>
            <sense>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                <q>напрямик вниз, под гору</q>
              </abv:tr>
              <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                <q>straight downhill</q>
              </abv:tr>
            </sense>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <re>
          <form type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><?oxy_comment_start author="админ" timestamp="20230425T205206+0300" comment="теги?"?><m>a-</m>,
              <m>ny-</m>, <m>fæ-</m><orth>wyrdyg wyn</orth><form xml:lang="os" type="variant"><orth>-kænyn</orth></form></form>
          <sense>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><?oxy_comment_end ?>пуститься вниз, под гору</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">to come down, downhill</q>
            </tr>
          </sense>
        </re>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" n="1">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dardyl <oRef>wyrdyg</oRef> læwwync īnnæ
              wæzdættæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в отдалении стоят другие уздени</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the other noblemen stand in the distance</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>134</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sæ razy nyllæwy <oRef>wyrdyg</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">она стоит перед ними (гостями) прислуживая</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">she stands in front of them (of the guests)
                serving</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
              <biblScope>35</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Sozyryqo Nartæn sæ xwyzdærtæ baūromy
                <oRef>wyrdyglæwwæg</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Созрыко лучших из Нартов назначает
                виночерпиями</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Sozryko appoints the best [people] of Narts
                cupbearers</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
              <biblScope>29</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ūm yn ærcættæ kodtoj æxsævær æmæ jyn Marfa
                <oRef>wyrdyg</oRef> læwwydī</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">там приготовили Ему вечерю, и Марфа служила</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">they made Him a supper there, and Martha was
                serving</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Иоанн"/>
              <biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">12</hi> 2</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">G˳yrʒyxan sæ razy <oRef>wyrdyg</oRef> læwwyd
              æmæ syn araqq læværdta</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Гурдзыхан стояла перед ними, прислуживая, и
                подавала им араку</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Gurdzykhan stood in front of them, serving, and
                gave them araka</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>26</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Azaw <oRef>wyrdyg</oRef> systad</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Азау встала прямо</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Azaw stood straight</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
              <biblScope>51</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" n="2">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(bæx) <oRef>wyrdygmæ</oRef> ænæcudgæ,
              ...xærdy dyn ævælmæcgæ bīræ fæcæwʒæn</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">не пошатнувшись на спуске, не уставая на
                подъеме, (конь) долго будет идти</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">not staggering on the descent, not getting
                tired on the way up, (a horse) will go for a long time</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
              <biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">bæx xasta jæ baræǵy xærd æmæ
                <oRef>wyrdg˳yty</oRef>, tæssærtty æmæ fæzty</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">конь нес своего всадника на подъемах и спусках,
                на поворотах и ровных местах</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the horse carried its rider on ascents and on
                descents, on turns and on the flat ground</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_F."/>
              <date>1972</date>
              <biblScope>VII 56</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dywwæsæron wari... ataxt næ bæstæjyl
                <oRef>wyrdygmæ</oRef> fælgæsgæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">двуглавый сокол пролетел над нашей страной,
                обозревая (ее сверху) вниз</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a two-headed falcon flew over our country,
                observing (it from top) to down</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Мысост"/>
              <biblScope>134</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Bega... <oRef>wyrdygmæ</oRef> ærxyzt</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Бега спустился вниз</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Bega got down</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>278</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>wyrdygmæ</oRef> ærwaǧta wæjyg
              læppūjy</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjyg"><foreign>ваюг</foreign></ref> опустил юношу вниз</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjyg"><foreign>wæjyg</foreign></ref> let the young man [to go] down</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
              <biblScope>II 225</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(barǵytæ) ūcy īw tæbærtt fækodtoj
                <oRef>æmwyrdyg</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(всадники) разом поскакали напрямик вниз</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(riders) at once rode straight downwards</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/>
              <biblScope>106</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>æmwyrdyg</oRef> cæwy Bega</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">напрямик под гору идет Бега</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Bega walks straight downhill</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
              <biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nadi fezdæxæni <oRef>urdugmæ</oRef> æd nimæt
              æd topp fæzzinttæj bæxgin</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">на повороте дороги внизу в бурке, с ружьем
                показался всадник</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">on the turn of the road below appeared a
                horseman in a felt cloak, with a gun</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>119</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xonxæj faxsbæl <oRef>urdugmæ</oRef>, xormæ
              ærttevæntæ gængæ, ǧæwærdæmæ wadæj ew sawædon</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">с горы по склону, сверкая на солнце, бежал к
                аулу один родник</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">from the mountain downhill, shining in the sun,
                to the village ran one spring</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>125</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz <oRef>fæwwurdug</oRef> kodta, Soslan
              ba tæssarmæ bazdaxtæj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Батраз пустился под гору, Сослан же повернул
                наискось</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz came down hill, whereas Soslan turned
                askew</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
              <biblScope>II 57</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">bon izærmæ xwasæ fækkærdioncæ, izæræj ba
                <oRef>raurdug</oRef> kænioncæ sæ xæʒærttæmæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">с утра до вечера они косили (на горах) сено, а
                вечером спускались вниз в свои дома</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">from morning till evening they mowed hay (on
                the mountains), and in the evening got down to their homes</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
              <date>1958</date>
              <biblScope>III 21</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
            <usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sæ ʒækʼoltæ æxsær ʒagæj
                <oRef>niwwurdug</oRef> uncæ kizguttæ dalæ ǧæwmæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">с мешочками, полными орехов, девушки
                устремляются вниз, в аул</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">with pouches, full of nuts, girls rush down, to
                the village</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Iræf"/>
              <biblScope>49</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Восходит к <w type="rec">urdwa-</w>
          <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss> и пр., с вторичным формантом <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-yg</m> | <m>-ug</m></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
            <biblScope>§183</biblScope></bibl>). Значение <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss> допускает
          развитие в двух направлениях: <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">отвесный
            вверх</q></gloss> и <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">отвесный вниз</q></gloss>.
          В осетинском возобладало последнее (ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærd</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">отвесный вверх</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>подъем</q></gloss></ref>), в большинстве родственных языков — первое:
            <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>ul</w> (из <w type="rec">urd</w>) <gloss><q>вверх</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>направленный
                вверх</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Nyberg"/>
            <biblScope>II 229</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><phr>ul āmatan</phr>
            <gloss><q>подыматься</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вставать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ula-</w>
            <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вертикальный</q></gloss></mentioned>
              (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/>
            <biblScope>109</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._Gramm."/>
            <biblScope>17</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
            <w>’rδβk</w>
            <gloss><q>прямой</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>вертикальный</q></gloss></mentioned>
              (<bibl><author>Henning</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AI"/>
            <biblScope>XV 431</biblScope></bibl> XV 431), <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>ūrdhva-</w>
            <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>прямо стоящий</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>вертикальный</q></gloss>, <w>ūrdhvaka-</w>
            <gloss><q>вставший прямо</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>поднявшийся</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>ὀρθός</w>
            <gloss><q>прямо стоящий</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>поднявшийся</q></gloss>, <w>ὂρθιος</w>
            <gloss><q>стоящий прямо</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>крутой</q></gloss>, <w>ὂρθιον</w>
            <gloss><q>подъем</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>крутизна</q></gloss>, (наречие)
                <gloss><q>вверх</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>в гору</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Если
          допустить, что наряду с ар. <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><w type="rec">wṛdhwa-</w></mentioned> существовал прототип <w type="rec">ṛd(h)wa-</w> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Uhlenbeck"/>
            <biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_JRAS"/>
            <date>1953</date>, <biblScope>стр. 112, прим. 4</biblScope></bibl>. — Ср. <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>ṛṣabha-</w> рядом с <w>vṛṣan-</w>
            <gloss><q>самец</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, то можно отнести сюда же ос. (с протетическим
            <c>x-</c>) <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærd</w>
            <gloss><q>подъем</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>ərədva-</w>, <w>ərəδwa-</w>
            <gloss><q>поднятый</q></gloss>, <w>ərədvaya</w>
            <gloss><q>стоя</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>в стоячем положении</q></gloss></mentioned> ( =
          ос. <oRef>wyrdygæj</oRef>), <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>aradvō-zənga-</w>
            <gloss><q>с прямо стоящими ногами</q></gloss></mentioned> (ос. <oRef>wyrdyg-zæng</oRef>)
              (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/>
            <biblScope>350—351</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>arduus</w>
            <gloss><q>крутой</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss>, <w>arduum</w>
            <gloss><q>крутизна</q></gloss>, <phr>ardua montis</phr>
            <gloss><q>крутые склоны горы</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xto"><lang/>
            <w>orto</w>
            <gloss><q>вверх</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Сюда же ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"><w>wyrd</w> | <w>urdæ</w>
            <gloss><q>ремизка ткацкого станка</q></gloss></ref> как <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">вертикальная</q> его часть. Не должно удивлять, что общее
          понятие <gloss><q>отвесный</q></gloss> (<oRef/>) оказывается производным от названия
          конкретного, специального предмета. В освоении объективной действительности человеческое
          сознание идет от конкретного к абстрактному, а не обратно. В частности, <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ремесла... явились источником многих переносных и
              образных выражений во многих языках. Орудия, которые они применяют, по причине своей
              формы, функций и движений, сделали заметный вклад в общий словарь</q></quote>
              (<bibl><author>Livingston</author>. <title>Skein-winding reels</title>. <publisher>Ann
              Arbor-University of Michigan Publications</publisher>
            <biblScope>XXIX 109</biblScope></bibl>; цит. по кн.: <bibl><author>Трубачев</author>.
              <title>Ремесленная терминология в славянских языках</title>. <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>,
              <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>стр. 6</biblScope></bibl>). О <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ремесленном</q> происхождении многих отвлеченных понятий
          см. также: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Ernout-Meillet"/>
            <biblScope>711, s. v. <w>ordior</w></biblScope></bibl> (<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">...extensions de sens, dont toutes les professions et
              tous les travaux manuels ont fourni des spécimens au langage; v. par ex.
                <w>recidīuus</w>, <w>aestimāre</w>, <w>pruetextus</w></q></quote>). Из иранских
          языков осетинский один сохранил, видимо, техническое, ткацкое значение иранского
            <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w type="rec">urdva-</w></mentioned>. Ср. ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæjnag"><w>fsæjnag</w>
            <gloss><q>железо</q></gloss></ref>, которое по форме представляет производное (с помощью
          форманта <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-ag</m></mentioned>) от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæn"><w>fsæn</w>
            <gloss><q>сошник</q></gloss></ref>. — Семантическая связь <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ремизка</q></gloss> (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"><w>wyrd</w></ref>) — <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">крутой склон</q></gloss> (<oRef/>) находит аналогию в славянском, где <mentioned xml:lang="sla"><w type="rec">bьrdo</w> означает, с одной стороны, <gloss><q>гребень
                ткацкого станка</q></gloss>, с другой — <gloss><q>склон горы</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>крутой склон</q></gloss></mentioned> (см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Трубачев._ЭССЯ"/>
            <biblScope>III 164—165</biblScope></bibl>). — См. еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyǵystæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"/>. <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>62, 88</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>III 144</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/>
            <biblScope>90</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Uhlenbeck"/>
            <biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl> (дается неточная форма <w>urdag</w> и неточное значение
              <gloss><q>aufsteigender Weg</q></gloss>). — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/>
            <biblScope>350</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/>
            <biblScope>190</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">Goes back to <w type="rec">urdwa-</w>
          <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss> etc., with the secondary formant <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-yg</m> | <m>-ug</m></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
            <biblScope>§183</biblScope></bibl>). The meaning <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss> allows for
          development in two directions: <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">steep
            upwards</q></gloss> and <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">steep
            downwards</q></gloss>. In Ossetic prevailed the last one (cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærd</w>
            <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">steep upwards</q></gloss>,
              <gloss><q>ascent</q></gloss></ref>), in the majority of related languages — the first
          one: <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
            <w>ul</w> (from <w type="rec">urd</w>) <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>directed
                upwards</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Nyberg"/>
            <biblScope>II 229</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><phr>ul āmatan</phr>
            <gloss><q>to ascend</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>to stend up</q></gloss></mentioned>,
            <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ula-</w>
            <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>vertical</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/>
            <biblScope>109</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._Gramm."/>
            <biblScope>17</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
            <w>’rδβk</w>
            <gloss><q>straight</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>vertical</q></gloss></mentioned>
              (<bibl><author>Henning</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AI"/>
            <biblScope>XV 431</biblScope></bibl> XV 431), <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>ūrdhva-</w>
            <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>straight standing</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>vertical</q></gloss>, <w>ūrdhvaka-</w>
            <gloss><q>one who's stood straight</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>got
          up</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>ὀρθός</w>
            <gloss><q>straight standing</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>got up</q></gloss>, <w>ὂρθιος</w>
            <gloss><q>straight standing</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>sheer</q></gloss>, <w>ὂρθιον</w>
            <gloss><q>ascent</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>steepness</q></gloss>, (adverb)
                <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>uphill</q></gloss></mentioned>. — If we
          assume that along with Aryan <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><w type="rec">wṛdhwa-</w></mentioned> existed the prototype <w type="rec">ṛd(h)wa-</w> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Uhlenbeck"/>
            <biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_JRAS"/>
            <date>1953</date>, <biblScope>p. 112, note 4</biblScope></bibl>. — Cf. <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>ṛṣabha-</w> along with <w>vṛṣan-</w>
            <gloss><q>male</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, we can attribute here also Ossetic (with the
          prosthetic <c>x-</c>) <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"><w>xærd</w>
            <gloss><q>ascent</q></gloss></ref>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
            <w>ərədva-</w>, <w>ərəδwa-</w>
            <gloss><q>lifted up</q></gloss>, <w>ərədvaya</w>
            <gloss><q>standing</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>in a standing position</q></gloss></mentioned>
          ( = Ossetic <oRef>wyrdygæj</oRef>), <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>aradvō-zənga-</w>
            <gloss><q>with straight standing legs</q></gloss></mentioned> (= Ossetic
            <oRef>wyrdyg-zæng</oRef>) (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/>
            <biblScope>350—351</biblScope></bibl>), <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
            <w>arduus</w>
            <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>sheer</q></gloss>, <w>arduum</w>
            <gloss><q>steepness</q></gloss>, <phr>ardua montis</phr>
            <gloss><q>steep slopes of a mountain</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xto"><lang/>
            <w>orto</w>
            <gloss><q>upwards</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Related is Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"><w>wyrd</w> | <w>urdæ</w>
            <gloss><q>heald in weaving machine</q></gloss></ref>, as a <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">vertical part</q> of a weaving loom. This should not be
          surprising that the abstract concept <gloss><q>steep</q></gloss> (<oRef/>) turns out to be
          derived from noun denoting a concrete, specific object. Exploring objective reality, the
          human mind moves from concrete things to abstract ones, not conversely. In particular,
              <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">handcraft... was a source of many figurative
              and metaphorical expressions in lots of languages. The tools that are used, according
              to their form, functions and movements, made a significant contribution to the common
              lexicon</q></quote> (<bibl><author>Livingston</author>. <title>Skein-winding
              reels</title>. <publisher>Ann Arbor-University of Michigan Publications</publisher>
            <biblScope>XXIX 109</biblScope></bibl>; cited in the book:
              <bibl><author>Trubačev</author>. <title>Remeslennaja terminologija v slavjanskix
              jazykax</title>. [<title>The handcraft terminology in the Slavic languages</title>].
              <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>p. 6</biblScope></bibl>).
          About the <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">handcraft</q> origin of many absctract
          concepts see also: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Ernout-Meillet"/>
            <biblScope>711, s. v. <w>ordior</w></biblScope></bibl> (<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">...extensions de sens, dont toutes les professions et
              tous les travaux manuels ont fourni des spécimens au langage; v. par ex.
                <w>recidīuus</w>, <w>aestimāre</w>, <w>pruetextus</w></q></quote>). Ossetic,
          apparently, unlike all the other Iranian languages, preserved, the technical, weaver's
          meaning of the Iranian <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w type="rec">urdva-</w></mentioned>. Cf.
          Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæjnag"><w>fsæjnag</w>
            <gloss><q>iron</q></gloss></ref>, wfich is formally a derivative (with the affix
            <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-ag</m></mentioned>) from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæn"><w>fsæn</w>
            <gloss><q>ploughshare bone</q></gloss></ref>. — The semantic connection of <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">heald</q></gloss> (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"><w>wyrd</w></ref>) with <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">steep slope</q></gloss> (<oRef/>) has an analogy in Slavic, where <mentioned xml:lang="sla"><w type="rec">bьrdo</w> means, on the one hand, <gloss><q>reed of a
                weaving loom</q></gloss>, on the other — <gloss><q>slope of a mountain</q></gloss>,
                <gloss><q>steep slope</q></gloss></mentioned> (see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Трубачев._ЭССЯ"/>
            <biblScope>III 164—165</biblScope></bibl>). — See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrd_2"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wyrdyǵystæg"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xærd_2"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
            <biblScope>62, 88</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/>
            <biblScope>III 144</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/>
            <biblScope>90</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Uhlenbeck"/>
            <biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl> (there is given the inaccurate form <w>urdag</w> and
          the imprecise meaning <gloss><q>aufsteigender Weg</q></gloss>). — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_AiW"/>
            <biblScope>350</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Konow._SSt."/>
            <biblScope>190</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>