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            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">gal</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
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    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_gal" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d395e66" type="lemma"><orth>gal</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d395e69"><sense xml:id="sense_d395e70"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>бык</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>bull</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d395e79"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>вол</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>ox</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense></sense>
                <re xml:id="re_d395e89">
                    <form xml:id="form_d395e91" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>galwærdon</orth></form>
                    <form xml:id="form_d395e94" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>galwærdun</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d395e97"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>воловья арба</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>bullock-cart</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense>
                </re>
                <re xml:id="re_d395e108">
                    <form xml:id="form_d395e110" type="lemma"><orth>galgæs</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d395e113"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>пастух быков</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>oxherd</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense>
                </re>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d395e124">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d395e126">
                        <quote>mæ guton, mæ galtæ mænæn dær cættæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>мой плуг, мои быки у меня готовы</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>my plough, my bulls are ready for me</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>14</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d395e145">
                        <quote>gal ma næ fæxīzy axæm cʼæx kærdægyl?</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>почему бы быку не пастись на такой зеленой траве?</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>why don't the bull graze on such green grass?</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>75</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d395e164" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>duwwæ gali fæjjævtiǧta</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>он запряг двух быков</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>he harnessed two bulls</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/><biblScope>7%l2–3%l</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d395e186">
                        <quote>wæjg˳ytæ naj kodtoj avd cædy (galtæj)</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>великаны молотили семью парами (быков)</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>giants were threshing with seven pairs of bulls</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Munk."/><biblScope>108</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d395e205" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>Agubekir rawæjæ kodta ew galwærdun æssonæn</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>Агубекир продал одну воловью арбу балкарцу</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>Agubekir sold one bullock-cart to a Balkar man</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_SD"/><biblScope>193%l2%l</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d395e228">
                        <quote>dæ fos bīræ wa, galgæs!</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>да умножится твое стадо, пастух!</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>let your flock multiply, oxherd!</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/><biblScope>IV
                            37</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Слово прослеживается в персидском, азербайджанском, дагестанских
                    и картвельских языках: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e346" xml:id="mentioned_d395e251" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>kal</w>
                        <gloss><q>буйвол</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e354" xml:id="mentioned_d395e259" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>kal</w>
                        <gloss><q>бык</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Жуковский"/><biblScope>I 174, II 305</biblScope></bibl>),
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e366" xml:id="mentioned_d395e271" xml:lang="az"><lang/>
                        <w>ḱal</w>
                        <gloss><q>буйвол</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d395e279" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>qäl</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru"> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">кьял</hi>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Дарг._сл."/></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e385" xml:id="mentioned_d395e290" xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
                        <w>kal</w>
                        <gloss><q>корова</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e393" xml:id="mentioned_d395e298" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>xari</w>
                        <gloss><q>бык</q></gloss></mentioned> (для соответствия груз. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">х</hi> || ос.
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">g</hi> ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gælir"/>). В осетинский слово вошло,
                    вероятно, из кавказского субстрата. Ср. в этом отношении <ref type="xr" target="#entry_bæx"/> ‘лошадь’. Связывать с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e405" xml:id="mentioned_d395e310" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>gavala-</w>
                        <gloss><q>буйвол</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II 51</biblScope></bibl>) или с
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e418" xml:id="mentioned_d395e323" xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                        <w>ga</w>
                        <gloss><q>бык</q></gloss></mentioned> нельзя, так как ос. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">g</hi> не может
                    восходить к иранскому <hi rendition="#rend_italic">g</hi>. Названия остальных домашних животных идут из
                    иранского (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qūg"/> ‘корова’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fys"/> ‘овца’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wænyg"/>
                    ‘бычок’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæss"/> ‘теленок’ и пр.).%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/><biblScope>48</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">The word is traced in Persian, Azeri, Daghestanian and Kartvelian
                    languages: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e251" xml:id="mentioned_d395e346" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>kal</w>
                        <gloss><q>buffalo</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e259" xml:id="mentioned_d395e354" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>kal</w>
                        <gloss><q>bull</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Жуковский"/><biblScope>I 174, II 305</biblScope></bibl>),
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e271" xml:id="mentioned_d395e366" xml:lang="az"><lang/>
                        <w>ḱal</w>
                        <gloss><q>buffalo</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d395e374" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>qʼäl</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (Cyrillic <hi rendition="#rend_italic">кьял</hi>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Дарг._сл."/></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e290" xml:id="mentioned_d395e385" xml:lang="lez"><lang/>
                        <w>kal</w>
                        <gloss><q>cow</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e298" xml:id="mentioned_d395e393" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
                        <w>xari</w>
                        <gloss><q>bull</q></gloss></mentioned> (for the correspondence between
                    Georgian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">х</hi> || Ossetic <hi rendition="#rend_italic">g</hi> compare. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gælir"/>). It probably entered Ossetic through Caucasian substrate. Compare in this
                    respect <ref type="xr" target="#entry_bæx"/> ‘horse’. It is not possible to
                    connect it with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e310" xml:id="mentioned_d395e405" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>gavala-</w>
                        <gloss><q>buffalo</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II 51</biblScope></bibl>) or
                    with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d395e323" xml:id="mentioned_d395e418" xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                        <w>ga</w>
                        <gloss><q>bull</q></gloss></mentioned>, since Ossetic <hi rendition="#rend_italic">g</hi> cannot be traced
                    back to Iranian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">g</hi>. The names of other domestic animals come from Iranian
                    (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qūg"/> ‘cow’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fys"/> ‘sheep’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wænyg"/> ‘small
                    bull’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæss"/> ‘calf’ etc.).%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/><biblScope>48</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <note type="internal">OB: в дарг. у Абаева неправильный абруптив</note>
            </entry>
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