<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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        <fileDesc>
            <titleStmt>
                <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">færæt</hi></title>
            </titleStmt>
            <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
    Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
                        <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
                        <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
                        <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
            </sourceDesc>
        </fileDesc>
        <encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
    <tagsDecl>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
    </tagsDecl>
</encodingDesc>
    </teiHeader>
    <text>
        <body>
            <entry xml:id="entry_færæt" xml:lang="os">
                <form xml:id="form_d1420e66" type="lemma"><orth>færæt</orth></form>
                <sense xml:id="sense_d1420e69"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                        <q>топор</q>
                    </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                        <q>axe</q>
                    </abv:tr></sense>
                <re xml:id="re_d1420e79">
                    <form xml:id="form_d1420e81" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>færætqæd</orth></form>
                    <form xml:id="form_d1420e84" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>færætǧædæ</orth></form>
                    <sense xml:id="sense_d1420e87"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>топорище</q>
                        </abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>axe-handle</q>
                        </abv:tr></sense>
                </re>
                <abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d1420e98">
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d1420e100">
                        <quote>færætæj k˳yd cavta læg bælæsty, ūj (xæjræg) dær aftæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>как (тот) человек ударял по деревьям топором, так (делал) и тот
                                (чёрт)</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>as that man hit the trees with an axe, so did that devil</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
                            108</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d1420e119">
                        <quote>færæt cyrǧ ū, fælæ arx dær qæbær ū</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>топор остер, но и сук крепок</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>the axe is sharp, but the branch is strong</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сл."/></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                    <abv:example xml:id="example_d1420e137" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
                        <usg><lang/></usg>
                        <quote>sæd-sædæ … færætgintæ ma taʒingintæ</quote>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
                            <q>сто сотен (людей) с топорами и топориками</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
                            <q>ten thoudand (one hundred times one hundred) people with axes and
                                hatchets</q>
                        </abv:tr>
                        <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Диг._сказ."/><biblScope>49</biblScope></bibl>
                    </abv:example>
                </abv:exampleGrp>
                <etym xml:lang="ru">Важный термин материальной культуры. Восходит к <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*paraθu-</hi>.
                    Последняя форма должна рассматриваться не как общеиранская, а как
                    древнеперсидская, отвечающая общеиранской <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*parasu-</hi> (общеиранскому <hi rendition="#rend_italic">s</hi>
                    отвечает др.перс. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">θ</hi>). Закономерная осетинская форма была бы <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*færæs</hi>, а не
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">færæt</hi>. Поэтому приходится думать о старом (еще в скифскую эпоху)
                    заимствовании из древнеперсидского (ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_talm"/>).
                    На древнеперсидский источник указывают и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e376" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e164" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
                        <w>pada</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e381" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e169" xml:lang="x-tchr"><lang/>
                        <w>peret, porat</w>
                        <gloss><q>топор</q></gloss></mentioned>. Через скифо-сакское и тохарское
                    посредство слово широко распространилось в угро-финских и других языках:
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e389" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e177" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
                        <w>purt</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e394" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e182" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
                        <w>purt</w>
                        <gloss><q>нож</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e403" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e191" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                        <w>bart</w>
                        <gloss><q>меч</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e411" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e199" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                        <w>balta</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e416" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e204" xml:lang="cv"><lang/>
                        <w>porda</w>
                        <gloss><q>топор</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e424" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e212" xml:lang="evn"><lang/>
                        <note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">(тунгус.) </note><w>parta, porta, purta</w>
                        <gloss><q>нож</q></gloss></mentioned>.<note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT NOTE
                        HERE </note> На индоевропейской почве ср. еще <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e437" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e225" xml:lang="yah"><lang/>
                        <w>parūs</w></mentioned> (из <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e443" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e231" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
                        <w>*parasu</w></mentioned>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e448" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e236" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>paraśu-</w>
                        <gloss><q>топор</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e456" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e244" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>секира</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e462" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e250" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>πέλεκυς</w></mentioned> id. В какой-то языковой среде (в какой —
                    установить трудно) произошла, по-видимому, перестановка <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*parta</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*tapar</hi>,
                    откуда широко распространенное слово: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e467" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e255" xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
                        <w n="0">топор</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e472" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e261" xml:lang="gmq"><lang/><w>tapar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e477" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e266" xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
                        <w>tappara</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e482" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e271" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                        <w>topor</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e487" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e276" xml:lang="chm"><lang/>
                        <w>tobar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e492" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e281" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                        <w>topor</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e497" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e286" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>tʼapʼar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e502" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e291" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                        <w>teber</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e508" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e297" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>tabar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e513" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e302" xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
                        <w>tapar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e518" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e307" xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                        <w>täfär</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e523" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e312" xml:lang="ttt"><lang/>
                        <w>tever</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e528" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e317" xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
                        <w>tobar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e533" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e322" xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
                        <w>təpār</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e539" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e328" xml:lang="sgy"><lang/>
                        <w>tovor</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e544" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e333" xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
                        <w>təvər</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e549" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e338" xml:lang="sgh-x-oroshori"><lang/>
                        <w>tavar</w></mentioned> и др.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II 52</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><biblScope xml:lang="ru">Е. Lidén. Studien zur tocharischen
                            Sprachgeschichte, стр. 16—17</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>О. Hansen. %sTocharisch-iranische
                            Beziehungen%s</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ZDMG"/><biblScope>1940 XCIV 155</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Asica"/><biblScope>13–14</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><author>Konow</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_NTS"/><biblScope>XV 110</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>138–143</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <etym xml:lang="en">An important term in material culture. Traces back to
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*paraθu-</hi>. The latter form should be considered not as a general Iranian
                    form, but as an ancient Persian form, corresponding to a general Iranian form
                    <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*parasu-</hi> (a general Iranian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">s</hi> corresponds to Old Persian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">θ</hi>). The
                    regular Ossetic form would have been <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*færæs</hi>, not <hi rendition="#rend_italic">færæt</hi>. Therefore, one
                    has to think about the old (back in the Scythian era) borrowing from the ancient
                    Persian (cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_talm"/>). The following words are
                    also indicate Old Persian source: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e164" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e376" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
                        <w>pada</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e169" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e381" xml:lang="x-tchr"><lang/>
                        <w>peret, porat</w>
                        <gloss><q>axe</q></gloss></mentioned>. Through the Scythian-Khotanese and
                    Tocharian means, the word spread widely in the Finno-Ugric and other languages:
                        <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e177" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e389" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
                        <w>purt</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e182" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e394" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
                        <w>purt</w>
                        <gloss><q>нож</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e191" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e403" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                        <w>bart</w>
                        <gloss><q>sword</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e199" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e411" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                        <w>balta</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e204" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e416" xml:lang="cv"><lang/>
                        <w>porda</w>
                        <gloss><q>axe</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e212" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e424" xml:lang="evn"><lang/>
                        <note type="comment" xml:lang="en">(Tungusic) </note><w>parta, porta, purta</w>
                        <gloss><q>knife</q></gloss></mentioned>. <note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT
                        NOTE HERE </note> Cf. also Indo-European languages: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e225" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e437" xml:lang="yah"><lang/>
                        <w>parūs</w></mentioned> (from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e231" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e443" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><lang/>
                        <w>*parasu</w></mentioned>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e236" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e448" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
                        <w>paraśu-</w>
                        <gloss><q>axe</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e244" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e456" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
                        <gloss><q>pole-axe</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e250" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e462" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
                        <w>πέλεκυς</w></mentioned> id. In some language environment (in which it is
                    difficult to establish), apparently a rearrangement <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*parta</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">*tapar</hi>
                    occurred, from which there is a widespread word: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e255" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e467" xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
                        <w>toporъ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e261" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e472" xml:lang="gmq"><lang/><w>tapar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e266" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e477" xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
                        <w>tappara</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e271" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e482" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
                        <w>topor</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e276" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e487" xml:lang="chm"><lang/>
                        <w>tobar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e281" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e492" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
                        <w>topor</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e286" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e497" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
                        <w>tʼapʼar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e291" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e502" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                        <w>teber</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e297" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e508" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
                        <w>tabar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e302" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e513" xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
                        <w>tapar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e307" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e518" xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
                        <w>täfär</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e312" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e523" xml:lang="ttt"><lang/>
                        <w>tever</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e317" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e528" xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
                        <w>tobar</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e322" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e533" xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
                        <w>təpār</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e328" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e539" xml:lang="sgy"><lang/>
                        <w>tovor</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e333" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e544" xml:lang="mnj"><lang/>
                        <w>təvər</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d1420e338" xml:id="mentioned_d1420e549" xml:lang="sgh-x-oroshori"><lang/>
                        <w>tavar</w></mentioned> etc.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II 52</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><biblScope xml:lang="en">Е.
                            Lidén. Studien zur tocharischen Sprachgeschichte, p.
                        16—17</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>О. Hansen. %sTocharisch-iranische
                            Beziehungen%s</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ZDMG"/><biblScope>1940 XCIV 155</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Asica"/><biblScope>13–14</biblScope></bibl>. —
                            <bibl><author>Konow</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_NTS"/><biblScope>XV 110</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>138–143</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
                <note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">О. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Hansen</hi> относит сюда <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e584" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                        <w>balta</w>
                        <gloss><q>топор</q></gloss></mentioned>, но оспаривает древнеперсидское
                    происхождение. Ср. также некоторые кавказские названия топора: <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e592" xml:lang="dar-x-kaitag"><lang/>
                        <w>bereta, bürita</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e597" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>burida</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e602" xml:lang="dar-x-aqusha"><lang/>
                        <w>barda</w></mentioned> (сообщение Е. А. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Бокарева</hi>).</note>
                <note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">О. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Hansen</hi> also relates to it
                        <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e610" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
                        <w>balta</w>
                        <gloss><q>axe</q></gloss></mentioned>, but challenges the Old Persian
                    origin. Cf. also some Caucasian axe names: <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e618" xml:lang="dar-x-kaitag"><lang/>
                        <w>bereta, bürita</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e623" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
                        <w>burida</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d1420e628" xml:lang="dar-x-aqusha"><lang/>
                        <w>barda</w></mentioned> (Е. А. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Bokarev</hi>, p.c.).</note>
            </entry>
        </body>
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