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      <titleStmt>
        <title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">særyn</hi></title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
        Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
          <title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
          <publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
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        <rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
        <rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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      <entry xml:id="entry_særyn" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
        <form xml:id="form_d2648e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>særyn</orth><form type="variant" subtype="parens"><orth>særdyn</orth></form><form type="participle"><orth>særst</orth></form></form>
        <form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>isærun</orth><form type="variant"><orth>isærdun</orth></form><form type="participle"><orth>isard</orth><form type="variant" subtype="parens"><orth>isarst</orth></form></form></form>
        <sense xml:id="sense_d2648e69">
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>закаливать</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>to harden</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>делать стальным</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>to steel</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
          <sense>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q>наваривать сталь</q>
            </abv:tr>
            <abv:tr xml:lang="en">
              <q>to weld steel</q>
            </abv:tr>
          </sense>
        </sense>
        <exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslany rajg˳yrd æmæ jæ
              <oRef>bajsæryn</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">рождение Сослана и его закалка</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslan's birth and hardening</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
              <biblScope>63</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslany <oRef>bajsæryn</oRef> qæwy bīræǧy
              xsyry, — zaǧta K˳yrdalægonæn Satana</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Сослана надо закалить в волчьем молоке, —
                сказала Курдалагону Шатана</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslan must be hardened in wolf milk, — said
                Satana to Kyrdalægon</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
              <biblScope>64</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz K˳yrdalægonmæ ’ssydī æmæ jyn zaǧta: dæ
              xorzæx X˳ycaw raddæd, æmæ mæ <oRef>bajsærd</oRef> æmæ ændon k˳yd yswon</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Батраз поднялся к Курдалагону и сказал ему: да
                даст (мне) Бог твою милость, закали меня, чтобы я стал стальным</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz ascended to Kyrdalægon and said to him:
                let God give (me) your mercy, harden me, so I will be strong</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>I 18</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mæn dær <oRef>bajsærd</oRef>, Batrazy k˳yd
                <oRef>bajsærstaj</oRef> aftæ; særdæggag dyn myzd dywwadæs tumany ’sxaston</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">и меня закали, как закалил Батраза; за закалку
                я принес тебе плату двенадцать туманов</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">and harden me, as you have hardened Batraz; I
                brought twelve tomans payment for hardening</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
              <biblScope>I 28</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>bajsær</oRef> mæ</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">закали меня</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">harden me</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>I 93</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nyr mæ <oRef>bajsærdūt</oRef> syǧdæg bolat
              cʼæx ændonæj</quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">теперь покройте (<q>намажьте</q>) меня чистой
                булатной серой сталью</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">now cover (<q>smear</q>) me with pure grey
                damask steel</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
              <biblScope>I 111</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
          <example>
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xærzaræxst k˳yrdaw card dīssaǵy fæltær k˳y
                <oRef>særy</oRef></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">жизнь, как искусный кузнец, закаляет чудесное
                поколение</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">life, like a skilled blacksmith, hardens a
                wonderful generation</q>
            </tr>
            <bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Niger"/>
              <biblScope>120</biblScope></bibl>
          </example>
        </exampleGrp>
        <etym xml:lang="ru">Когда речь идет о терминах, связанных с материальной культурой,
          этимологическим поискам должно предшествовать ясное представление о реалиях. В данном
          случае следует уяснить, в чем заключалась технология закаливания, которая вызвала к жизни
          термин <oRef/> (<oRef>særdyn</oRef>). Анализ названий стали в ряде языков (ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>уклад</w></mentioned>) указывает на одну и ту же процедуру; стальной слой
          накладывался (наваривался) на нестальной предмет [см. нашу статью <bibl xml:lang="ru"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><title>Как русск. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>уклад</w>
                  <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned> помогло выяснить этимологию осетинского
                  <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"><w>ændon</w>
                  <gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></ref></title></q></bibl> в сб. <bibl xml:lang="ru"><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Этимологические исследования по русскому
                языку</q></title> (<pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>, <biblScope>стр.
              73—79</biblScope>)</bibl>;
          см. также: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИЭС_I"/>
            <biblScope xml:lang="ru">156 сл. c. v. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/></biblScope></bibl>]. Древность такой технологии
          подтверждается археологическими данными. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Уже в
              раннюю пору скифской истории мастера умели получать высокоуглеродистую сталь. С самого
              раннего периода... скифские кузнецы знали цементацию</q></quote>. Наряду с цементацией
          практиковалась <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">наварка стального лезвия на
              железную основу</q></quote> (<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Смирнов</author>.
              <title>Скифы</title>. <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>стр. 132,
              134</biblScope></bibl>). Зная это, мы не должны удивляться, что глагол <oRef/>
          <gloss><q>закаливать</q></gloss> имеет вариант <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/>,
          основное значение которого — <gloss><q>мазать</q></gloss>,
            <gloss><q>намазывать</q></gloss>: речь шла о наложении, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">намазывании</q> стального слоя на нестальной предмет; ср.
          выше цитату из эпического текста (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
            <biblScope>I 111</biblScope></bibl>: <example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi rendition="#rend_italic"><oRef>bajsærdūt</oRef> mæ ændonæj</hi></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="ru">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">обмажьте меня сталью</q>
            </tr>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">обмажьте меня сталью</q>
            </tr>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> = <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">закалите меня</q></note>
            
          </example>). Варианты <oRef/> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/> возводятся
          соответственно к <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sar-</w></mentioned> и
            <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sard-</w></mentioned>. Для последнего
          варианта ср. <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ā-sal</w>, <w>pa-sal</w>
            <gloss><q>мазать</q></gloss> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><author>Emmerick</author>.
                  <title>A Khotanese Verb-List</title>. <publisher>AO</publisher>
                <date>1968</date>
                <biblScope>XXXI 25, 34</biblScope></bibl></note>), где <w>sal-</w> из <w>sard-</w>
              (<note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
                <biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl></note>). Исходная база <w>sar-</w> сопоставима
            с</mentioned>
          <mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
            <w>bsʼry</w>
            <gloss><q>размешивать</q></gloss> (база <w type="rec">ḱer-</w>
            <gloss><q>rühren</q></gloss>: <note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Henning-MacKenzie"/>
                <biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl></note>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>ṡṛ-</w>, <w>ṡrāyati</w>, <w>ṡrīṇāti</w>
            <gloss><q>варить</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>смешивать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>xεράω</w>, <w>xεράννῦμι</w>
            <gloss><q>смешиваю</q></gloss></mentioned> (об этом этимологическом гнезде см.:
              <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
            <biblScope>III 391—392</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_TPhS"/>, <date>1954</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр.
              130</biblScope></bibl>). Семантический
          комплекс <gloss><q>варить</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>наваривать</q></gloss> —
              <gloss><q>намазывать</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>смешивать</q></gloss> не требует особого
          обоснования.<note xml:lang="ru" type="footnote">В наших записях имеется д. <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fe-sarun</w>
              <gloss><q>поджаривать чурек</q></gloss> (так, чтобы на нем образовалась твердая
              корочка, после чего его закладывали в горячую золу для полной выпечки)</mentioned>;
              <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fesarun</w></mentioned> возводится к <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w>pati-sār-</w></mentioned> и должно, очевидно, рассматриваться в
            данном гнезде.</note>
          <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
            <date>1948</date>
            <biblScope>XII 330</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
            <biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
        <etym xml:lang="en">When it comes to terms connected with material culture, clear
          comprehension of realities must precede etymological search. In this case it should be
          understood what was the technology of hardening that brought to life term <oRef/>
            (<oRef>særdyn</oRef>). The analysis of names of steel in some languages (Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
            <w>uklad</w></mentioned>) points to the same procedure; a steel layer was put (weld) on
          a non-steel object [see our article <bibl xml:lang="en"><title><q>Kak russk. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>uklad</w>
                  <gloss><q>stal'</q></gloss></mentioned> pomoglo vyjasnit' ètimologiju osetinskogo
                  <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"><w>ændon</w>
                  <gloss><q>stal'</q></gloss></ref></q>
            </title> [<q>How the Russian word <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>uklad</w>
                <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned> helped to find out the etymology of Ossetic
                <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"><w>ændon</w>
                <gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></ref></q>]</bibl> in vol. <bibl xml:lang="en"><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Ètimologičeskije issledovanija po russkomu
              jazyku</q></title> (<pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>, <biblScope>p.
              73—79</biblScope>)</bibl>; see also: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИЭС_I"/>
            <biblScope xml:lang="en">156 ff. c. v. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/></biblScope></bibl>]. The antiquity of this technology is confirmed by archeological
          data. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Even in early times of the Scythian history
              craftsmen were able to make high carbon steel. Since the very early period....Scythian
              blacksmiths knew about cementation</q></quote>. Along with cementation <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">welding of a steel blade to an iron base</q></quote>
          was practiced (<bibl xml:lang="en"><author>Smirnov</author>. <title>Skify</title> [The
              Scythians]. <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>p. 132,
              134</biblScope></bibl>). As we know this, we mustn't be surprised by the fact that the
          verb <oRef/>
          <gloss><q>harden</q></gloss> has a variant <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/>, the
          main meaning of which is <gloss><q>smear</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>coat</q></gloss>: it was
          about overlap, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">smearing</q> of a steel layer on a
          non-steel object; cf. above the citation from the epic text (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
            <biblScope>I 111</biblScope></bibl>: <example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
            <quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi rendition="#rend_italic"><oRef>bajsærdūt</oRef> mæ ændonæj</hi></quote>
            <tr xml:lang="en">
              <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">smear me with steel</q>
            </tr>
            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> = <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">harden me</q></note>
          </example>). Variants <oRef/> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/> are traced
          respectively to <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sar-</w></mentioned> and
            <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sard-</w></mentioned>. As for the last
          variant, cf. <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
            <w>ā-sal</w>, <w>pa-sal</w>
            <gloss><q>smear</q></gloss> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><author>Emmerick</author>. <title>A
                  Khotanese Verb-List</title>. <publisher>AO</publisher>
                <date>1968</date>
                <biblScope>XXXI 25, 34</biblScope></bibl></note>), where <w>sal-</w> is from
              <w>sard-</w> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
                <biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl></note>). The original base <w>sar-</w> is
            comparable with</mentioned>
          <mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
            <w>bsʼry</w>
            <gloss><q>stir</q></gloss> (the base <w type="rec">ḱer-</w>
            <gloss><q>rühren</q></gloss>: <note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Henning-MacKenzie"/>
                <biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl></note>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
            <w>ṡṛ-</w>, <w>ṡrāyati</w>, <w>ṡrīṇāti</w>
            <gloss><q>cook</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>mix</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
            <w>xεράω</w>, <w>xεράννῦμι</w>
            <gloss><q>I mix</q></gloss></mentioned> (about this etymological cluster see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
            <biblScope>III 391—392</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_TPhS"/>, <date>1954</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="en">p.
              130</biblScope></bibl>). The semantic complex <gloss><q>cook</q></gloss> —
              <gloss><q>weld onto</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>smear</q></gloss> —
            <gloss><q>mix</q></gloss> does not require a special justification.<note type="footnote">In our notes there is Digor <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fe-sarun</w>
              <gloss><q>roast a flatbread</q></gloss> (so that a hard crust won't form on it, after
              that it was put in hot ash to complete baking)</mentioned>; <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fesarun</w></mentioned> is traced to <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w>pati-sār-</w></mentioned> and must, obviously, be placed in this
            etymological cluster.</note>
          <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
            <date>1948</date>
            <biblScope>XII 330</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
            <biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
      </entry>
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