251 lines
24 KiB
XML
251 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <w>ændon</w></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
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<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "<gloss><q>" "</q></gloss>";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_ændon" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240329T140338+0300" comment="checked"?>
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<form xml:id="form_d5e66" type="lemma"><orth>ændon</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d5e69">
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>сталь</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>steel</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5e79">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5e81">
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<quote>bolat <oRef>ændonæj</oRef> dyn skænʒæn jæ cæfxædtæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>из булатной стали он (Курдалагон) изготовит тебе для него (коня)
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подковы</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>he (Kurdalægon) will make its (the horse’s) horseshoes for you from
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_bolat"><foreign>bulat</foreign></ref> steel</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
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<biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5e100">
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<quote>mæn bajsærd æmæ <oRef>ændon</oRef> k˳yd yswon</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>закали меня, чтобы я стал стальным</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>harden me, so I become steel</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
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<biblScope>I 18</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5e119">
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<quote>Batraʒ cʼæx ændon yssi, ærmæst ma jæ īw tʼang ænæ særdæj
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bazzad</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>Батрадз стал из синей стали, только одна кишка у него осталась не
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закаленной</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>Batradz became
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240325T174821+0300" comment="can be used as adj.?"?>blue
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steel<?oxy_comment_end ?>, only one gut was left unhardened</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
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<biblScope>203</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Скифское слово; ср. <lang>скифские</lang> собственные имена
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<mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀνδάνακος</w> (= <w>andan-ak</w>
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<gloss><q>стальной</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀσπάνδανος</w> (= <w>asp-andan</w>
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<gloss><q>имеющий стальных коней</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἰασανδάνακος</w> (= <w>i-as-andanak</w>
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<gloss><q>стальной Ас</q></gloss>)</mentioned>. Вероятно, отсюда
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распространилось на север, к угро-финнам, и на юг — на Кавказ и в Персию. Ср.
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<mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e330" xml:id="mentioned_d5e141" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
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<w>andan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e335" xml:id="mentioned_d5e146" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
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<w>jendon</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e343" xml:id="mentioned_d5e154" xml:lang="mns"><lang/>
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<w>jēmtån</w></mentioned> и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e348" xml:id="mentioned_d5e159" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
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<w>ondun</w>
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<gloss><q>крепкий</q></gloss>
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<note type="comment">(← <gloss><q>стальной</q></gloss>)</note></mentioned>,
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e356" xml:id="mentioned_d5e167" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
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<w>ondæ</w>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e176" xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
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<w>ᵃndān</w>
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<gloss><q>долото</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>зубило</q></gloss>, а также
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<gloss><q>острый</q></gloss></mentioned>
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T093818+0300" comment="not sure what word(s) this refers to"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mészaros"/>
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<biblScope>296</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e377" xml:id="mentioned_d5e185" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
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<w>šandan</w>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss>
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<note type="comment">(?)</note></mentioned>. На персидской почве термин
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засвидетельствован Марко Поло (XIII в.): <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Кабана [= Кох-и-Банан] — большой город,
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народ молится Мухаммеду. Есть тут железо, сталь анданик</q>
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(<bibl><title>Путешествие Марко Поло</title>, <editor>пер. И. П.
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Минаева</editor>, <biblScope>гл. XXXIX, стр.
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37</biblScope></bibl>)</quote>. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Есть тут (в Кармане) также жилы стали и анданика вдоволь</q>
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(<bibl><biblScope>там же, стр. 31</biblScope></bibl>)</quote>.
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<bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
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<biblScope>XIX 56—57</biblScope>)</bibl> высказывает догадку о связи с
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<mentioned xml:lang="ani"><gloss>этнонимом</gloss>
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<w>Andi</w></mentioned> в Дагестане и, альтернативно, с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e397" xml:id="mentioned_d5e202" xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
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<w>and-</w>, <w>hand-</w>
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<gloss><q>накалять</q></gloss></mentioned>. То и другое сомнительно. Можно
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возводить <oRef>ændon</oRef> к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e405" xml:id="mentioned_d5e211" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">han-dāna-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e410" xml:id="mentioned_d5e216" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">sam-dhāna-</w></mentioned> (база — <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e415" xml:id="mentioned_d5e221" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
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<w>dhā-</w></mentioned> , <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e420" xml:id="mentioned_d5e226" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
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<w>dhē-</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>класть</q>, <q>накладывать</q> и пр.</gloss></mentioned>). Точное
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значение слова в этом случае — <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">накладка
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(стальная на железо)</q></gloss>; реально такая семантика вполне
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оправдана, так как первоначально железо закалялось только с поверхности, или
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стальной слой накладывался на железо. Яркий пример параллельного развития дают
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славянские языки: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e428" xml:id="mentioned_d5e234" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>уклад</w>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e242" xml:lang="sl" extralang="sr hr"><lang/>
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<w>nado</w>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e251" xml:lang="sl" extralang="sr hr"><lang/>
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<w>naditi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e450" xml:id="mentioned_d5e256" xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
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<w>надыты</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>покрывать сталью</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e458" xml:id="mentioned_d5e264" xml:lang="ru-x-dial"><lang>русск.</lang>
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<note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">(диал.)</note>
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<w>надить </w>
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<note type="comment">(соху)</note>
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<gloss><q>точить лемех</q></gloss>, <gloss>первоначально <q>закаливать с
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поверхности</q> или <q>накладывать стальной слой</q></gloss>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Преображенский"/>
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<biblScope>I 590</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Последние
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славянские слова являются производными от того же <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e278" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">dhē-</w></mentioned>, что и <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e478" xml:id="mentioned_d5e283" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ændon</w></mentioned> — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e483" xml:id="mentioned_d5e289" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned>, отвечающее <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e488" xml:id="mentioned_d5e294" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ændon</w></mentioned>, означает, между прочим,
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<gloss><q>накладывание</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>накладка</q></gloss>.
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Известно, что древние пытались придать железу твердость не только закаливанием в
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воде, но также заклинаниями (<bibl><title>Одиссея</title>
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<biblScope>IX 391</biblScope></bibl>). С этой стороны любопытно, что
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e495" xml:id="mentioned_d5e303" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned> было также названием особого заклинания,
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произносимого над оружием (<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ein
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bestimmter über Walfen gesprochener Zauberspruch</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_PW"/></bibl></quote>).<lb/><bibl>Вс.
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<author>Миллер</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
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<biblScope>III 12</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
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<biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
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<biblScope>52, 153, 198</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Лыткин</author>,
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<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИАН"/>
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<biblScope>ОЛиЯ 1951 IV 391</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">A Scythian word; cf. the <lang>Scythian</lang> proper names
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<mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀνδάνακος</w> (= <w>andan-ak</w>
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<gloss><q>of steel</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἀσπάνδανος</w> (= <w>asp-andan</w>
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<gloss><q>having steel horses</q></gloss>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xsc"><w>Ἰασανδάνακος</w> (= <w>i-as-andanak</w>
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<gloss><q>steel As</q></gloss>)</mentioned>. Thence it probably spread
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northward, to the Finno-Ugric peoples, and southward – to the Caucasus and to
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Persia. Cf. <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e141" xml:id="mentioned_d5e330" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
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<w>andan</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e146" xml:id="mentioned_d5e335" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
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<w>jendon</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e154" xml:id="mentioned_d5e343" xml:lang="mns"><lang/>
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<w>jēmtån</w></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e159" xml:id="mentioned_d5e348" xml:lang="ce"><lang/>
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<w>ondun</w>
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<gloss><q>firm</q></gloss>
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<note type="comment">(← <gloss><q>(of)
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steel</q></gloss>)</note></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e167" xml:id="mentioned_d5e356" xml:lang="inh"><lang/>
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<w>ondæ</w>
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e365" xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
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<w>andān</w>
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<gloss><q>chisel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <gloss><q>point-tool</q>, and also
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<gloss><q>sharp</q></gloss></gloss>
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T093909+0300" comment="not sure which word(s) this refers to"?><note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mészaros"/>
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<biblScope>296</biblScope></bibl>)</note><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e185" xml:id="mentioned_d5e377" xml:lang="dar"><lang/>
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<w>šandan</w>
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss>
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<note type="comment">(?)</note></mentioned>. This term is attested by Marco
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Polo in the Persian context (13th century): <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Cobinan is a large town. The people
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worship Mahommet. There is much Iron and Steel and Ondanique, and they
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make steel mirrors of great size and beauty</q>
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(<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T102753+0300" comment="make this more specific"?><bibl><title>The
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Travels of Marco Polo</title>, <editor>translated by Henry
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Yule</editor>, <biblScope>book I, chapter
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XXI</biblScope></bibl><?oxy_comment_end ?>)</quote>. <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">There are also plenty of veins of steel and
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Ondanique</q>
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(<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240326T102753+0300" comment="make this more specific"?><bibl><title>The
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Travels of Marco Polo</title>, <editor>translated by Henry
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Yule</editor>, <biblScope>book I, chapter
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XVII</biblScope></bibl><?oxy_comment_end ?>). <bibl><author>Bailey</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
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<biblScope>XIX 56—57</biblScope>)</bibl> conjectures a connection with the
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<mentioned xml:lang="ani"><gloss>ethnonym</gloss>
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<w>Andi</w></mentioned> in Daghestan and, as an alternative, with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e202" xml:id="mentioned_d5e397" xml:lang="hit"><lang/>
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<w>and-</w>, <w>hand-</w>
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240329T140805+0300" comment="checked English gloss against Puhvel, noun 'heat' (vol. 3, 107: hantais-). NB: he connects this word to OIr. *and- 'kindle', which could be the source for Ossetic word"?><gloss><q>to
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heat</q></gloss><?oxy_comment_end ?></mentioned>. Both proposals are
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doubtful. One may derive <oRef>ændon</oRef> from <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e211" xml:id="mentioned_d5e405" xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">han-dāna-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e216" xml:id="mentioned_d5e410" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">sam-dhāna-</w></mentioned> (the stem — <mentioned><mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e221" xml:id="mentioned_d5e415" xml:lang="iir"><lang/>
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<w>dhā-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e226" xml:id="mentioned_d5e420" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
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<w>dhē-</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>to put down</q>, <q>to put on</q> etc.</gloss></mentioned>). In
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this case the exact meaning of the word is <gloss><q>a cover plate (made of
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steel, put on iron)</q></gloss>; such semantics is quite justified
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240329T101632+0300" comment="not sure"?>by
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the realia<?oxy_comment_end ?>, because iron was originally tempered only on the
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surface, or a steel layer was superimposed over the iron. A striking example of
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a parallel development may be observed in Slavic languages: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e234" xml:id="mentioned_d5e428" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>uklad</w>
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e437" xml:lang="sr" extralang="sl hr"><lang/>
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<w>nado</w>
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e445" xml:lang="sr" extralang="sl hr"><lang/>
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<w>naditi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e256" xml:id="mentioned_d5e450" xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
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<w>nadyty</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>to cover with steel</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e264" xml:id="mentioned_d5e458" xml:lang="ru"><lang>Russian</lang>
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<note type="comment" xml:lang="en">(dialectal)</note>
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<w>naditʼ</w>
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<gloss><q>to sharpen a ploughshare</q></gloss>, <gloss>originally <q>to
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harden at the surface</q> or <q>superimpose a steel
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layer</q></gloss>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Преображенский"/>
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<biblScope>I 590</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The latter
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Slavic words are derived from the same <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5e472" xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
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<w>dhē-</w></mentioned> as <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e283" xml:id="mentioned_d5e478" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ændon</w></mentioned>. — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e289" xml:id="mentioned_d5e483" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned>, corresponding to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e294" xml:id="mentioned_d5e488" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ændon</w></mentioned> , means <gloss><q>(the process of)
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covering</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>cover plate</q></gloss>. It is known that
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the ancients tried to harden iron not only by quenching it in water but also by
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spells (<bibl><title>Odyssey</title>
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<biblScope>IX 391</biblScope></bibl>). In this respect, it is interesting
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that <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5e303" xml:id="mentioned_d5e495" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>saṃdhāna-</w></mentioned> was also the name of a special spell which was
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pronounced over a weapon (<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">ein
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bestimmter über Walfen gesprochener Zauberspruch</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_PW"/></bibl></quote>).<lb/><bibl>Ws.
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<author>Miller</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OÈ</ref>
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<biblScope>III 12</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
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<biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
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<biblScope>52, 153, 198</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Lytkin</author>,
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<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИАН"/>
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<biblScope>OLiJa 1951 IV 391</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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</entry>
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</body>
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</text>
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</TEI>
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