247 lines
25 KiB
XML
247 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzīst</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
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<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_ævzīst" xml:lang="os">
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<form xml:id="form_d5592e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>ævzīst</orth></form>
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<form xml:id="form_d5592e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ævzestæ</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d5592e72"><sense xml:id="sense_d5592e73"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>серебро</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>silver</q>
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</abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d5592e82"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>серебряный</q>
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</abv:tr></sense></sense>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5592e88">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5592e90">
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<quote>ævzīst ron, ævzīst qama</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>серебряный пояс, серебряный кинжал</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>silver belt, silver dagger</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5592e105">
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<quote>ūrs ævzīst galwany ūrs ævzīst tærxægyl badʒysty baztyl…</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>в белой серебряной ограде на белой серебряной скамье будут сидеть на
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подушках…“</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>in a white silver fence on a white silver bench they will sit on
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pillows…</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5592e124">
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<quote>iw ḱyryn syzǧærīn æxcajæ ʒag ū, īnnæ ḱyryn ævzīst æxcajæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>один сундук полон золотых денег, другой сундук — серебряных денег</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>one coffer is full of gold money, another coffer is full of silver
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money</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/><biblScope>I 66</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5592e143">
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<quote>jæ ældary ævzīst bambæxsta</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>скрыл серебро господина своего</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>hid his lord's money</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Лука"/><biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">25</hi>
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18</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5592e162" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>ævzestæ læʒgutæ sæ kʼoxi, ævzestæ kʼelatæbæl baduncæ, ævzestæ fingitæ
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sæ razi…</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>руках у них серебряные палки, сидят на серебряных скамьях, перед ними
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серебряные стоды</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>there are silver sticks in their hands, they are sitting on silver
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banks, there are silver tables in front of them</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/><biblScope>I 112</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Так же, как названия меди (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxwy"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxi</hi>) и стали (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e399" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e191" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ævzīst</w></mentioned> имеет соответствия в некоторых финно-угорских
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языках; <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e404" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e196" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
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<w>azveś</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e409" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e201" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
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<w>ezyś</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e415" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e207" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
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<w>ezüst</w>
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<gloss><q>серебро</q></gloss></mentioned>. По V. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Тоmsеn</hi>’у (см.
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_LUÅ"/><biblScope>1924 XX, № 4, стр.
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6</biblScope></bibl>), Вс. Миллеру (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 12</biblScope></bibl>;
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>) и некоторым финноугристам
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(<bibl><author>Anderson</author></bibl>,
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<bibl><author>Wichmann</author></bibl>,
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<bibl><author>Szinnyei</author></bibl>), осетины заимствовали это слово из
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финно-угорских языков. Напротив, <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Simоnуi</hi> (<bibl><biblScope>Die ungarische
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Sprache, стр. 62</biblScope></bibl>), В. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Munkácsi</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KSz."/><biblScope>V 316</biblScope></bibl>), Н.
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<hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Petersson</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_LUÅ"/><biblScope>1920 XVI, №
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3, стр. 71 сл.</biblScope></bibl>), Н. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Sкоld</hi> (<bibl><biblScope>ibid.
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1924 XX, № 4, стр. 7, 20</biblScope></bibl>) склоняются к тому, чтобы
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рассматривать <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzīst</hi> как иранское слово, проникшее в венгерский и некоторые
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восточнофинские языки из осетинского (resp, аланского или скифского).
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Разумеется, самый факт схождения в таком важном культурном термине остается
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одинаково интересным в том и другом случае, ибо свидетельствует об исторических
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связях скифских племен с угро-финскими, хотя точная хронологическая и
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географическая локализация этих связей пока невозможна. Вопрос о том, кто у кого
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заимствовал данное слово, приводит с необходимостью к другому вопросу: на почве
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каких языков, индоевропейских или финно-угорских, оно может получить более
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удовлетворительное этимологическое разъяснение. Насколько нам известно, вполне
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убеждающей этимологии нет ни там, ни здесь. Сопоставление <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e459" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e251" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
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<w>azveś</w>
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<gloss><q>серебро</q></gloss></mentioned> с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e468" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e260" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
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<w>uzveś</w>
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<gloss><q>олово</q></gloss></mentioned> позволяет как будто выделить элемент
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*<hi rendition="#rend_italic">veś</hi>, который, по Лыткину, мог означать бронзу. Однако при этом толковании
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остается без объяснения конечный <hi rendition="#rend_italic">t</hi> в венгерском <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e476" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e268" xml:lang="hu"><w>ezüst</w></mentioned>. Из индоевропейских этимологий стоит упомянуть
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сопоставление <bibl><author>Н. Petersson</author></bibl>’a, смелое, но отнюдь не
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фантастическое. Удмуртская форма (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e484" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e274" xml:lang="udm"><w>azveś</w></mentioned>=), а также старовенгерская (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e487" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e277" xml:lang="ohu"><w>ezwest</w></mentioned>) позволяют восстановить
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староосетинскую в виде <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e490" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e280" xml:lang="oos"><w>æzvest(æ)</w></mentioned>),
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а приняв начальное <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æ</hi>- за протетическое—в виде <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e494" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e284" xml:lang="oos"><w>zvest(æ)</w></mentioned>); перестановка <hi rendition="#rend_italic">zv</hi>→<hi rendition="#rend_italic">vz</hi> закономерна,
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ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7vzaly"/>. Восстанавливаемое таким образом
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e502" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e289" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>*zvestæ</w></mentioned>
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<bibl><author>Petersson</author></bibl> сопоставляет с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e507" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e297" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>звезда</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e512" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e302" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
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<w>zvaigzde</w>
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<gloss><q>звезда</q></gloss></mentioned> , <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e521" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e311" xml:lang="prg"><lang/>
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<w>swāigstan</w>
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<gloss><q>сияние</q></gloss></mentioned>. Связь названий металлов с
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космическими терминами подтверждается многими фактами. Ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e529" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e319" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>rkina</w>
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<gloss><q>железо</q></gloss></mentioned> при <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e537" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e327" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
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<w>erkin</w>
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<gloss><q>небо</q></gloss></mentioned> и, наконец (в полную аналогию с
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e545" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e335" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ævzestæ</w></mentioned> — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e550" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e340" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>звезда</w></mentioned>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e555" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e345" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>vercxli</w>
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<gloss><q>серебро</q></gloss></mentioned> при <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e564" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e354" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>varsklavi</w>
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<gloss><q>звезда</q></gloss></mentioned>. Есть, стало быть, некоторая
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вероятность, что <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzīst</hi> исконно осетинское слово, подобно <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zærīn"/> ‘золото’ и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæn"/>
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‘железо’. То, что общеарийское название серебра получило в осетинском значение
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‘руда’ (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærzæt"/>), объясняется своеобразным
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положением осетинского в кругу иранских языков, а схождение именно со славянским
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поддерживается рядом аналогичных случаев.<note type="footnote" n="1"> PUT NOTE
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HERE </note> Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III
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12</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>33, 52, 83, 251</biblScope></bibl>.—
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<bibl><author>В. И. Лыткин</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИАН"/><biblScope>1951 IV 392</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">Just as the notions of copper (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxwy"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxi</hi>) and steel (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e191" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e399" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>ævzīst</w></mentioned> has correspondences in some Finno-Ugric languages:
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e196" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e404" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
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<w>azveś</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e201" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e409" xml:lang="kv"><lang/>
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<w>ezyś</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e207" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e415" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
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<w>ezüst</w>
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<gloss><q>silver</q></gloss></mentioned>. According to V. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Tomsen</hi> (see
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_LUÅ"/><biblScope>1924 XX, № 4, p.
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6</biblScope></bibl>), Ws. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Miller</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 12</biblScope></bibl>;
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>) and some specialists in Finno-Ugric
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languages (<bibl><author>Anderson</author></bibl>,
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<bibl><author>Wichmann</author></bibl>,
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<bibl><author>Szinnyei</author></bibl>), the Ossetians borrowed this word
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from Finno-Ugric languages. On the contrary, <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Simonyi</hi> (<bibl><biblScope>Die
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ungarische Sprache, p. 62</biblScope></bibl>), B. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Munkácsi</hi>
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(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KSz."/><biblScope>V
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316</biblScope></bibl>), H. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Petersson</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_LUÅ"/><biblScope>1920 XVI, № 3, pp.
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71ff.</biblScope></bibl>), H. <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Skold</hi> (<bibl><biblScope>ibid. 1924 XX, No.
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4, pp. 7, 20</biblScope></bibl>) tend to regard <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzīst</hi> as an Iranian
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word, which came to Hungarian and some other East Finnic languages from Ossetic
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(resp, Alan or Scythian). It is clear that the fact itself of the coincidence in
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such an importan cultural notion stays equally interesting in both cases, since
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it witnesses historical connections of Scythian tribes with Finno-Ugric ones,
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however a precise chronological and geographical localization of these
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connections is not yet possible. The question who borrowed this word from whom
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requires another question: due to which languages, Indo-European or Finno-Ugric,
|
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|
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can it recieve a more satisfying etymological explanation. As far as we know,
|
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|
|
there is no quite convincing etymology anywhere. The comparison of <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e251" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e459" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
|
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|
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<w>azveś</w>
|
|||
|
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<gloss><q>silver</q></gloss></mentioned> with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e260" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e468" xml:lang="udm"><lang/>
|
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|
|
<w>uzveś</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>tin</q></gloss></mentioned> allows to select an element *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">veś</hi>
|
|||
|
|
which could signify bronze, according to Lytkin. However, this interpretation
|
|||
|
|
remains without explanation the final <hi rendition="#rend_italic">t</hi> in <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e268" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e476" xml:lang="hu"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ezüst</w></mentioned>. Among the Indo-European etymologies, it is worth
|
|||
|
|
mentioning a challenging but by no means fantastic comparison by
|
|||
|
|
<bibl><author>H. Petersson</author></bibl>. The Udmurt form (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e274" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e484" xml:lang="udm"><w>azveś</w></mentioned>), and also the Old Hungarian form
|
|||
|
|
(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e277" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e487" xml:lang="ohu"><w>ezwest</w></mentioned>) allow to restore an
|
|||
|
|
Old Ossetic form as <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e280" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e490" xml:lang="oos"><w>æzvest(æ)</w></mentioned>), and
|
|||
|
|
if the initail <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æ</hi>- is prosthetic then the an Old Ossetic form is restored as
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e284" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e494" xml:lang="oos"><w>zvest(æ)</w></mentioned>); the transposition
|
|||
|
|
<hi rendition="#rend_italic">zv</hi>→<hi rendition="#rend_italic">vz</hi> is regular, cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7vzaly"/>. Thus,
|
|||
|
|
<bibl><author>Petersson</author></bibl> compares the restored <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e289" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e502" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>*zvestæ</w></mentioned> with <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e297" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e507" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>zvezda</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e302" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e512" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>zvaigzde</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>star</q></gloss></mentioned> , <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e311" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e521" xml:lang="prg"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>swāigstan</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>shining</q></gloss></mentioned>. The connection of metal names
|
|||
|
|
with cosmic terms is confirmed by many facts. Cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e319" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e529" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>rkina</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>iron</q></gloss></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e327" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e537" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>erkin</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>sky</q></gloss></mentioned> and, finally, (as a full analogy with
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e335" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e545" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ævzestæ</w></mentioned> — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e340" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e550" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>zvezda</w></mentioned>), <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e345" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e555" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>vercxli</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>silver</q></gloss></mentioned> and <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5592e354" xml:id="mentioned_d5592e564" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>varsklavi</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>star</q></gloss></mentioned>. Hence, there is some possibility
|
|||
|
|
that <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzīst</hi> is an oroginal Ossetic word, like <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zærīn"/> ‘gold’ and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæn"/>
|
|||
|
|
‘iron’. The fact that the common Aryan name for silver received in Ossetic
|
|||
|
|
meaning ‘ore’ (cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærzæt"/>), is explained by a
|
|||
|
|
particular place of Ossetic among other Iranian languages, the coincidence with
|
|||
|
|
Slavic is supported by a number of similar cases.<note type="footnote" n="1">
|
|||
|
|
PUT NOTE HERE </note> Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III
|
|||
|
|
12</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>8</biblScope></bibl>. —
|
|||
|
|
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>33, 52, 83,
|
|||
|
|
251</biblScope></bibl>.— <bibl><author>V. I. Lytkin</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИАН"/><biblScope>1951 IV
|
|||
|
|
392</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
|
|||
|
|
<note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">Чисто иранская этимология для ævzīst,
|
|||
|
|
предложенная <bibl><author>Sköld</author></bibl>’ом (← <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5592e607" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ayahxšusta-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>расплавленный металл</q></gloss></mentioned>), фонетически
|
|||
|
|
неприемлема.</note>
|
|||
|
|
<note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">A purely Iranian etymology for <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzīst</hi>,
|
|||
|
|
proposed by <bibl><author>Sköld</author></bibl> (← <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5592e621" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ayahxšusta-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>melted metal</q></gloss></mentioned>), is phonetically
|
|||
|
|
impossible.</note>
|
|||
|
|
</entry>
|
|||
|
|
</body>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
</TEI>
|