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2025-03-21 13:42:40 +03:00
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ax0yr</hi></title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
<tagsDecl>
<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
</tagsDecl>
</encodingDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<entry xml:id="entry_ax0yr" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="complete">
<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240124T155331+0300" comment="checked"?>
<form xml:id="form_d5627e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>ax˳yr</orth></form><?oxy_comment_end ?>
<form xml:id="form_d5627e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>axur</orth></form>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e72">
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e73">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>ученье</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>learning</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e82">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>привычка</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>habit</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e92">
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e93">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>ученый</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>learned</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e102">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>приученный</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>trained</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e111">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>обученный</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>taught</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e120">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>привыкший</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>accustomed</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
</sense>
<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5627e211">
<abv:example xml:id="example_d5627e213">
<quote>kʼannæg syvællonæj
<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20240124T144150+0300" comment="no such RE, although there should be"?><oRef>sax˳yr
dæn</oRef><?oxy_comment_end ?> sæfty x˳ysnægyl</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>с малолетства приучился я к гибельному воровству</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>from an early age I have been accustomed to ruinous theft</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
<biblScope>98</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xml:id="example_d5627e232">
<quote><oRef>ax˳yr</oRef> læg</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>ученый, образованный человек</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>educated person</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Munk."/>
<biblScope>190</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xml:id="example_d5627e312">
<quote>wærykk myl <oRef>sax˳yr īs</oRef></quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>ягненок привык (привязался) ко мне</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>the lamb got used (attached) to me</q>
</abv:tr>
</abv:example>
</abv:exampleGrp>
<re xml:id="re_d5627e130">
<re xml:id="re_d5627e132">
<form xml:id="form_d5627e134" type="lemma"><orth><oRef>ax˳yr</oRef>
kænyn</orth></form>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e137">
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e138">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>учить</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>to teach</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e147">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>учиться</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>to study</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e156">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>привыкать</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>to get used (to smth.)</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
</sense>
<exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
<abv:example xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="example_d5627e251">
<quote>dæ fyrt cwanon kujtimæ cwan <oRef>ax˳yr kænæd</oRef></quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>пусть твой сын с охотничьими собаками обучается охоте</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>may your son learn to hunt with hunting dogs</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
<biblScope>94</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="example_d5627e270">
<quote><oRef>ax˳yrkænynmæ</oRef> bællyn</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>я стремлюсь к ученью</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>I strive for learning</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
<biblScope>115</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
</exampleGrp>
</re>
<re xml:id="re_d5627e167">
<form xml:id="form_d5627e169" type="lemma"><orth>ax˳yrgænæg</orth></form>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e172">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>учитель</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>teacher</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
</re>
<re xml:id="re_d5627e183">
<form xml:id="form_d5627e185" type="lemma"><orth>ax˳yrgond</orth></form>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e188">
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e189">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>образованный</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>educated</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
<sense xml:id="sense_d5627e198">
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>ученый</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>scholar</q>
</abv:tr>
</sense>
</sense>
</re>
</re>
<etym xml:lang="ru">Из <w type="rec">axun</w>, ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5627e400" xml:id="mentioned_d5627e330" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
<w>āxūn</w>, <w>āxūnd</w>
<gloss><q>учитель</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>наставник</q></gloss></mentioned>,
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5627e414" xml:id="mentioned_d5627e344" xml:lang="fa"><w>xvāndan</w>
<gloss><q>читать</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>изучать</q></gloss></mentioned>,
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5627e426" xml:id="mentioned_d5627e356" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
<w>axun</w>
<note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">(с персидского)</note>
<gloss><q>ученый мулла</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>ахун</q></gloss></mentioned>.
Хотя <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
<w>āxūnd</w></mentioned> — иранского происхождения и элементы, из которых
оно составлено, наличны и в осетинском (<mentioned xml:lang="os"><gloss>преверб</gloss>
<m>a-</m></mentioned> и глагол <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xonyn"><w>xonyn</w>
<gloss><q>называть</q> и пр.</gloss></ref>), тем не менее <lang xml:lang="os"/>
<oRef/> нельзя относить к изначальному иранскому фонду, т. к. семантика <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xonyn" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
<w>xonyn</w></ref> не может быть без натяжек связана с понятием
<gloss><q>ученья</q></gloss> и пр. Поэтому <lang xml:lang="os"/>
<oRef/> следует рассматривать как усвоенное из персидского, может быть, через
тюркское посредство. Перебой <c>n</c> → <c>r</c> (<w type="rec">axun</w> → <w type="rec">axur</w>) был поддержан, очевидно, потребностью диссимиляции
носовых в таких употребительных сочетаниях, как <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><phr>axur kænun</phr>
<gloss><q>учиться</q></gloss></mentioned> и т. п.,<note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="1">Такой перебой наблюдался еще в древнеиранском, например
<w>nūnam</w> → <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5627e470" xml:lang="x-oldirn"><w>nuram</w>
<gloss><q>теперь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nyr" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang xml:lang="os"/>
<w>nur</w></ref>.</note> ср. аналогичный перебой носовых в плавные в
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_mænærǧ"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_rimæxsun" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
<w>rimæxsun</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼarfett"><w>kʼarfett</w>
<gloss><q>конфетка</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fantʼal"><w>fantʼal</w>
<gloss><q>фонтан</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_malūsæg"><w>malusæg</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_lamaz"/> и др. (см.
под словом <ref type="xr" target="#entry_mænærǧ"/>). Развитие значения
<gloss><q>ученье</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>привычка</q></gloss> не требует
особых разъяснений.<note type="footnote" xml:lang="ru" n="2"><bibl>Вс.
<author>Миллером</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller_IF_21">IF 21</ref>, <biblScope>стр.
326</biblScope></bibl>) предложено другое разъяснение слова <oRef/>:
к <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5627e496" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
<w>āhūirya-</w>
<gloss><q>аhуровский</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>относящийся к (божеству)
Аhуре</q></gloss></mentioned>. Не говоря о семантике, о
зороастризме у осетин ничего не известно. К тому же <c>ry</c> должно было
дать в <lang xml:lang="os"/>
<c>l</c>.</note></etym>
<etym xml:lang="en">From <w type="rec">axun</w>, cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5627e400" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
<w>āxūn</w>, <w>āxūnd</w>
<gloss><q>teacher</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>mentor</q></gloss></mentioned>,
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5627e344" xml:id="mentioned_d5627e414" xml:lang="fa"><w>xvāndan</w>
<gloss><q>to read</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>to study</q></gloss></mentioned>,
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5627e356" xml:id="mentioned_d5627e426" xml:lang="trk"><lang/>
<w>axun</w>
<note type="comment" xml:lang="en">(from Persian)</note>
<gloss><q>learned mullah</q></gloss>,
<gloss><q>akhund</q></gloss></mentioned>. Although Persian <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
<w>āxūnd</w></mentioned> is of Iranian origin and the elements from which it
is composed are also present in Ossetic (<mentioned xml:lang="os"><gloss>preverb</gloss>
<m>a-</m></mentioned> and the verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xonyn"><w>xonyn</w>
<gloss><q>to call</q> etc.</gloss></ref>), nevertheless Ossetic <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ax˳yr</hi> cannot be attributed to the native
Iranian vocabulary, since the semantics of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xonyn" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
<w>xonyn</w></ref> cannot be plausibly associated with the concept of
<gloss><q>learning</q></gloss>, etc. Therefore, Ossetic <oRef/> should
be viewed as adopted from Persian, perhaps via Turkic. The sound change <c>n</c>
→ <c>r</c> (<w type="rec">axun</w> → <w>axur</w>) was apparently supported by
the need for nasal dissimilation in such common combinations as <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><phr>axur kænun</phr>
<gloss><q>study</q></gloss></mentioned>, etc.,<note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="1">This interruption was attested already in Old Iranian,
e.g. <w>nūnam</w> → <mentioned xml:lang="x-oldirn"><w>nuram</w>
<gloss><q>теперь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nyr" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang xml:lang="os"/>
<w>nur</w></ref>.</note> cf. the similar change of nasals to liquids in
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_mænærǧ"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_rimæxsun" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
<w>rimæxsun</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼarfett"><w>kʼarfett</w>
<gloss><q>candy</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fantʼal"><w>fantʼal</w>
<gloss><q>fountain</q></gloss></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_malūsæg"><w>malusæg</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_lamaz"/> etc. (see
under <ref type="xr" target="#entry_mænærǧ"/>). The semantic development
<gloss><q>learning</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>habit</q></gloss> requires no
special explanation.<note type="footnote" xml:lang="en" n="2"><bibl>Ws.
<author>Miller</author> (<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller_IF_21"/>
<biblScope>, p. 326</biblScope>)</bibl> suggested another explanation of
the word <oRef/>: related to <mentioned xml:id="mentioned_d5627e518" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
<w>āhūirya-</w>
<gloss><q>Ahura’s</q></gloss></mentioned>, <gloss><q>related to (the
deity) Ahura</q></gloss>. Semantic issues notwithstanding, nothing
is known about Zoroastrianism among the Ossetians. In addition, <c>ry</c>
should have corresponded to Ossetic <c>l</c>.</note></etym>
</entry>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
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