175 lines
20 KiB
XML
175 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">bīræǧ</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
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<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_bīræǧ" xml:lang="os">
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<form xml:id="form_d4459e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>bīræǧ</orth></form>
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<form xml:id="form_d4459e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>beræǧ</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d4459e72"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>волк</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>wolf</q>
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</abv:tr></sense>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d4459e82">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d4459e84">
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<quote>īw bīræǧ nard xædmæl xordta</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>один волк ел жирную дохлятину</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>one wolf was eating fat carrion</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>85</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d4459e103" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>beræǧ-bal ærbacudæncæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>пришла стая волков</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>a wolf pack came</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/><biblScope>II
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39</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d4459e125">
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<quote>bīræǧæj xæjræg dær tærsy</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>волка даже чорт боится</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>even the devil is afraid of a wolf</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
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195</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">В то время как осетинские названия медведя и лисицы точно
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соответствуют древнеиранским и общеиндоевропейским (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ars"/> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_rūvas"/>), название
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третьего хорошо известного древним иранцам хищника, волка, не может по своей
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форме рассматриваться как исконное иранское наследие. Древнеосетинское название
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волка должно было звучать *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">vṛka</hi>-, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">varka</hi>- (ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e310" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e151" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>vṛka-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e315" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e156" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
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<w>vəhrka-</w></mentioned>), что на новоосетинской почве должно было дать
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*<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærg</hi> или *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærx</hi>-, с наращением -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æg</hi> — <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærxæg</hi> [см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>]. Эта последняя фэрма действительно и существовала
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в осетинском, но была вытеснена под действием словесного запрета (табу), что
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было естественным следствием тотемических воззрений (см. нашу работу:
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<bibl><biblScope xml:lang="ru">Опыт сравнительного анализа легенд о
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происхождении Нартов и римлян. Сб. памяти Н. Я. Марра, 1938, стр.
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317—337</biblScope></bibl>).
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Взамен табуированного <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, сохранившегося
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только в эпосе как собственное имя, мы находим теперь в осетинском <hi rendition="#rend_italic">bīræǧ</hi>.
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Откуда идет это слово? Вс. Миллер (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 13</biblScope></bibl>) и
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Штакельберг (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/><biblScope>47</biblScope></bibl>) указывают на <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e337" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e178" xml:lang="trk-x-north" extralang="chg ug"><lang/>
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<w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e342" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e183" xml:lang="trk-x-north" extralang="chg ug"><w>bürü</w>
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<gloss><q>волк</q></gloss></mentioned>.
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Приведем более полные соответствия по тюркским диалектам: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e349" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e190" xml:lang="uz"><lang/>
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<w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e354" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e195" xml:lang="ky"><lang/>
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<w>bürü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e359" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e200" xml:lang="kk" extralang="ba tt-x-kazan"><lang/>
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<w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e364" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e205" xml:lang="alt"><lang/>
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<w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e369" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e210" xml:lang="alt-x-teleut"><lang/>
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<w>pörü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e374" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e215" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><lang/>
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<w>bür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e380" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e221" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><w>pür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e383" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e224" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><lang/>
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<w>burö</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e388" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e229" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><w>böre</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e391" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e232" xml:lang="sah"><lang/>
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<w>börö</w></mentioned> (сюда же относят <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e396" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e237" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>бирюк</w></mentioned>). При всей близости этих форм к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e401" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e242" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>biræǧ</w></mentioned>, они не дают объяснения конечному -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧ</hi>). С этой
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стороны ‘более ценными для нас оказываются не тюркские, а некоторые
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восточнофинские формы: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e407" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e248" xml:lang="chm"><lang/>
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<w>pirägy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e412" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e253" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="myv"><lang/>
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<w>virgez</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e417" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e258" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="mdf"><lang/>
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<w>virgas</w></mentioned>. С этими финскими названиями и следует в первую
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очередь связывать <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e422" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e263" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>biræǧ</w></mentioned>. Не исключена в то же время возможность, что все
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приведенные севернотюркские и восточнофинские названия ‘волка’ стоят в тесной
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первоначальной связи с иранским. В одном из восточноиранских наречий, которому
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присвоено название <hi rendition="#rend_bold">сакского</hi>, волк зовется <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e427" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e268" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
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<w>birgga</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru"> (произносилось
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">birǧa</hi>)</note></mentioned>. Очевидная близость этого слова к
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приведенным выше может быть объяснена как результат древних сношений
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восточнофинских и северно- тюркских народов с иранскими. В пользу этого говорит
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и то, что западнофинские и южнотюркские языки имеют для волка другое название
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e434" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e275" xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
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<w>susi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e440" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e281" xml:lang="tr"><lang/>
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<w>qašqyr</w></mentioned>). Вполне возможно, стало быть, что
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">biræǧ</hi>—иранское (сакское) слово, взамен табуированного <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>. Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærgon"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II
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56, III 13</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>41</biblScope></bibl>. —
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>35, 49, 70,
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593</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">While Ossetic names for bear and fox correspond precisely to Old
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Iranian and a common Indo-European ones (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ars"/> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_rūvas"/>), the name of the third carnivore
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well-known to the Old Iranian people, a wolf, cannot be considered as an
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original Iranian heritige due to its form. The Old Ossetic name for the wolf
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should have sounded like *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">vṛka</hi>-, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">varka</hi>- (cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e151" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e310" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>vṛka-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e156" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e315" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
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<w>vəhrka-</w></mentioned>), what would give *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærg</hi> or *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærx</hi>- in
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Modern Ossetic, with the augmentation of the -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æg</hi> — <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wærxæg</hi> [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>]. This last form did exist in Ossetic but
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it was displaced because of word taboo which was a natural consequence of
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totemic ideas (see our work: <bibl><biblScope xml:lang="en">The experience of
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a comparative analysis of the legends of the origin of the Narts and the
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Romans. In memoriam of N.Marr, 1938, p. 317—337</biblScope></bibl>).
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Instead of the taboo word <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, which
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remained only in the epics as a proper name, the word <hi rendition="#rend_italic">bīræǧ</hi> is now found in
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Ossetic. Where does this word come from? Ws. Miller (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>III 13</biblScope></bibl>) and
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Stackelberg (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_MSt."/><biblScope>47</biblScope></bibl>) point to the <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e178" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e337" xml:lang="trk-x-north" dialect="chg ug"><lang/>
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<w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e183" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e342" xml:lang="trk-x-north" dialect="chg ug"><w>bürü</w>
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<gloss><q>wolf</q></gloss></mentioned> Here are more correspondences in
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Turkic dialects: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e190" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e349" xml:lang="uz"><lang/>
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<w>büri</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e195" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e354" xml:lang="ky"><lang/>
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<w>bürü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e200" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e359" xml:lang="kk" extralang="ba tt-x-kazan"><lang/>
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<w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e205" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e364" xml:lang="alt"><lang/>
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<w>börü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e210" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e369" xml:lang="alt-x-teleut"><lang/>
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<w>pörü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e215" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e374" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><lang/>
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<w>bür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e221" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e380" xml:lang="krc-x-karachay"><w>pür</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e224" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e383" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><lang/>
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<w>burö</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e229" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e388" xml:lang="mn-x-uriankh"><w>böre</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e232" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e391" xml:lang="sah"><lang/>
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<w>börö</w></mentioned> (the following word <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e237" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e396" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>birjuk</w></mentioned> also refers here). Despite the proximity of these
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forms to the <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e242" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e401" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>biræǧ</w></mentioned>, they do not explain the final -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧ</hi>. In this
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sense some Eastern Finnic forms are more valuable than Turkic ones: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e248" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e407" xml:lang="chm"><lang/>
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<w>pirägy</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e253" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e412" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="myv"><lang/>
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<w>virgez</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e258" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e417" xml:lang="x-mordvin" dialect="mdf"><lang/>
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<w>virgas</w></mentioned>. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e263" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e422" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>biræǧ</w></mentioned> should first be associated with these Finnic forms.
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At the same time, it is possible that all the North Turkic and East Finnic names
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of ‘wolf’ are in close initial connection with Iranian. In one of the eastern
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Iranian dialects, which is named <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Khotanese</hi>, the wolf is called <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e268" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e427" xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
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<w>birgga</w><note type="comment" xml:lang="en"> (it was pronounced
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as <hi rendition="#rend_italic">birǧa</hi>)</note></mentioned>. The obvious close relation of this
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word to the words enumerated above can be explained as a result of the ancient
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relations of the East Finnic and North Turkic peoples with the Iranian ones.
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This is also supported by the fact that the West Finnic and South Turkic
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languages have a different name for the wolf (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e275" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e434" xml:lang="fi"><lang/>
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<w>susi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d4459e281" xml:id="mentioned_d4459e440" xml:lang="tr"><lang/>
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<w>qašqyr</w></mentioned>). Thus, it is quite possible that <hi rendition="#rend_italic">biræǧ</hi> is an
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Iranian (Khotanese) word, instead of the taboo <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>. Ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærgon"/>.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II
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56, III 13</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr."/><biblScope>41</biblScope></bibl>. —
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>35, 49, 70,
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593</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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</entry>
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</body>
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</text>
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</TEI>
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