297 lines
23 KiB
XML
297 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">wacajrag</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_wacajrag" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
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<form xml:id="form_d4882e66" type="lemma"><orth>wacajrag</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d4882e69">
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>раб</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>slave</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<sense>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>невольник</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>captive</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<sense>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>пленник</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>prisoner</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; близки по значению <ref type="xr" target="#entry_caǧar"><w>caǧar</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_caǧajrag"><w>caǧajrag</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ælxæd"><w>ælxæd</w></ref>,
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazajrag"><w>qazajrag</w></ref></note>
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<note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_caǧar"><w>caǧar</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_caǧajrag"><w>caǧajrag</w></ref>,
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ælxæd"><w>ælxæd</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qazajrag"><w>qazajrag</w></ref> have a similar meaning</note>
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</sense>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d4882e75">
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dæddæm syn… ḱyzg-wacajrægtæ sæ læppūjy
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tūgmæ</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(в уплату) за кровь их сына мы отдаем им
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девушек-невольниц</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(paying) for their son's blood we are giving
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them slave girls</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
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<biblScope>I 100</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">læppū-wacajrægtæ æmæ jyn ḱyzg-wacajrægtæ
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læværttæ fækæny</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">дарит ему невольников-юношей и
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невольниц-девушек</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sends him slave boys and girls as gifts</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭп."/>
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<biblScope>39</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">acy dywwæ wacajraǵy xoryl wæjmæ
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raxaston</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">этих двух невольников я взял, чтобы продать их
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за хлеб</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I captured those two slaves in order to sell
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them for bread</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
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<biblScope>24</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wacajragæj demæ k˳y cæræn, wæddær æz mæxī
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amondǵyn xonʒynæn</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если даже я буду жить с тобой в качестве раба,
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и тогда я буду называть себя счастливым</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I would call myself happy even if I were a
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slave to you</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
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<biblScope>224</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Ganʒamæ īw nywwæj kodtam wacajrægtæn sæ
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wældæjttæ</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">лишних пленников мы продавали в Гянджу</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">we sold spare slaves to Gandza</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Хар._Кадӕг"/>
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<biblScope>11</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ræǧaw tæryn dæ bar fæwæd, wacajrægtæ rakænyn
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ta mæ bærn</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">угон скота возлагается на тебя, а увод
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пленников — на моей ответственности</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">you should rustle the cattle, and I am to
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abduct the slaves</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Хар._Кадӕг"/>
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<biblScope>56</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">akæn dæxīcæn wacajrægtæ, axæss
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læværttæ</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">уведи себе рабов, возьми дары</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">take the slaves, accept the gifts</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
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<biblScope>III 121</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fesæft K’uloj… kæmdær Turḱy zæxxyl, wacajrag,
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ælxæd læg</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">пропал Кулой… где-то на турецкой земле (как)
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невольник, купленный человек</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">K’uloj disappeared… somewhere in the Turkish
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lands (as) a slave, a bought man</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
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<biblScope>161</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/> </usg>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fæccæwæn Gezemæ, ew fæjnæ wacajragi
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ærxæssæn</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">отправимся в Гезе, захватим по одному
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пленнику</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">we will travel to Geze, each capture a
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slave</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
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<biblScope>13</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/> </usg>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sædæ xwasʒawi sirdi fidæj ka isxæssa, omæn
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dædʒænæn kizgwacajrag</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">кто накормит сотню косарей дичиной, тому я дам
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девушку-невольницу</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I will give a slave girl to whomever shall feed
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a hundred mowers with game</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_DZ"/>
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<biblScope>177</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/> </usg>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ær-cæj-xasta odæmbalæn ræsuǧd
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wacajrag</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">взял он в жены красивую невольницу</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">he married a beautiful slave girl</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes."/>
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<biblScope>102</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Производное от несохранившегося <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wacar"><w type="rec">wacar</w> <gloss><q>торговля</q></gloss></ref> с помощью форманта <m>-ag</m>
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(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/> <biblScope>§ 168<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">II 2</hi></biblScope></bibl>). Появление <c>j</c> перед
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сонантом <c>r</c> закономерно (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/> <biblScope>§
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198<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">3</hi></biblScope></bibl>). Буквальное значение,
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стало быть, <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">подлежащий купле-продаже</q>, <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">предмет торговли</q>. До недавнего времени в осетинском языке
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слова <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjjag"><w>wæjjag</w> <gloss><q>продажный</q></gloss></ref> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ælxæd"><w>ælxæd</w> <gloss><q>купленный</q></gloss></ref> употреблялись в
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значении <q>раб</q> <note type="footnote"><name>Коста</name> (<title>Собр. соч., т. IV, М.,
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1960, стр. 321</title>) в терминах <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ælxæd"><w>ælxæd</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_caǧajrag"><w>caǧajrag</w></ref>,
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_wacajrag"><w>wacajrag</w></ref> видит синонимы: <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">это был раб, которого можно продать, купить, убить и
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помиловать</q>.</note>. Такая семантика указывает на среду, где рабы не составляли
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особого класса производителей материальных благ, а были лишь предметом торговли, одним из
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товаров в обменных операциях. Таким обществом было общество скифов и сарматов. У них были
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рабы (преимущественно из взятых в плен врагов), но их общество не было рабовладельческим в
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смысле особой формации. Скифы <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">доставляли (в Танаиду) рабов,
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шкуры, разные другие товары кочевников…</q> (<title><name>Страбон</name>. География XI
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2, 3</title>). <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">Предметом вывоза (из Боспорского царства, —
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<hi rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="elohim" timestamp="20230613T152820+0300" comment="есть ли какой-то особый тэг для таких случаев? в тексте курсив"?>В.
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А<?oxy_comment_end ?></hi>) были… также рабы, которые скупались греческими
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работорговцами у кочевников, делавших набеги со специальной целью захвата пленных</q>
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(<title><name>Гайдукевич</name>. Боспорское царство. М.—Л., 1949, стр. 83</title>). О
|
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характере рабовладения у скифов см.: <bibl><name>Хазанов</name>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ВДИ"/> <biblScope>1972 I 159–170</biblScope></bibl>. — У сарматов: <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">…во время войн сарматы уводят в плен своих врагов, а затем
|
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требуют за них большие выкупы, ведут торговлю рабами</q> (<title><name>К. Ф.
|
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Смирнов</name>. Савроматы. М., 1964, стр. 205</title>). Подобная практика у народов
|
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Северного Кавказа существовала и в последующие века. <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">Рабов
|
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эксплуатировали в хозяйстве, но еще чаще продавали</q> (<title><name>Крупнов</name>.
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Древняя история Северного Кавказа. М., 1960, стр. 336</title>). <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">Пленение людей и продажа их как рабов в другие страны не чужды
|
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были осетинским феодалам… Осетины нередко уходили за добычей в дальние ущелья, откуда
|
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приводили пленников, которых потом продавали другим племенам или отпускали за большой
|
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выкуп</q> (<title><name>Кокиев</name>. Кабардино-осетинские отношения в XVIII веке.
|
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Исторические записки, т. 2, М., 1939, стр. 189</title>). Грузинский историк и географ
|
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<name>Вахушти</name> (XVIII в.) сообщает о горных осетинах: <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">Денег не знают, но деньги заменяются у них войлоками, чохами (черкесками), небеленым
|
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холстом, сукном, овцами, коровами и пленниками</q> (<title>Описание царства грузинского.
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Тбилиси, 1941; на груз. языке</title>). Таким образом, и совмещение значений <q>раб</q>
|
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— <q>пленник</q> и этимологическая связь с <q>торговлей</q> находят исчерпывающее
|
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объяснение в исторических реалиях. — См. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wacar"><w type="rec">wacar</w></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/> <biblScope>64, 66</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
|
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<etym xml:lang="en">Derived from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wacar"><w type="rec">wacar</w>
|
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<gloss><q>trade</q></gloss></ref>, which has not been preserved, using the format
|
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<m>-ag</m> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
|
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<biblScope>§ 168<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">II 2</hi></biblScope></bibl>). The
|
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appearance of <c>j</c> before the sonorant <c>r</c> is regular (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
|
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<biblScope>§ 198<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">3</hi></biblScope></bibl>). The literal
|
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meaning is then <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">something which is ought to be bought and
|
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sold</q>, <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">trade item</q>. Up until recently <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjjag"><w>wæjjag</w>
|
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<gloss><q>purchasable</q></gloss></ref> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ælxæd"><w>ælxæd</w>
|
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<gloss><q>bought</q></gloss></ref> had the meaning of <q>slave</q>
|
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<note type="footnote"><bibl><author>Kosta</author> (<title>Collected Works</title>,
|
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<biblScope>vol. IV</biblScope>, <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>,
|
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|
|
<biblScope>p. 321</biblScope>)</bibl> regards <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ælxæd"><w>ælxæd</w></ref>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_caǧajrag"><w>caǧajrag</w></ref>,
|
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|
|
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_wacajrag"><w>wacajrag</w></ref> as synonyms: <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">it was a slave who could be sold, bought, killed and had
|
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|
|
mercy on</q>.</note>. Such semantics indicate a society where slaves did not
|
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|
|
constitute a special class of producers of material goods, but were only an item of trade,
|
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|
|
one of the exchange goods. Such was the society of Scythians and Sarmations. They had
|
|||
|
|
slaves (mostly captured enemies), but their society was not slave-owning in the sense of a
|
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|
|
special social formation. Scythians <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">delivered slaves (to
|
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|
|
Tanais), skin, other nomad goods…</q> (<bibl><author>Strabo</author>.
|
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|
|
<title>Geography</title><biblScope>XI 2, 3</biblScope></bibl>). <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">One of the items to be exported (from the Bosporan Kingdom —
|
|||
|
|
<hi rend="italic">V. A.</hi>) were… as well as slaves, who were bought by Greek
|
|||
|
|
merchants from nomads for whom raids were a special mean of capturing slaves</q>
|
|||
|
|
(<bibl><author>Gajdukevič</author>. <title>Bosporksoe carstvo</title> [The Bosporan
|
|||
|
|
Kingdom]. <pubPlace>Moscow and Leningrad</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>, <biblScope>p.
|
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|
|
83</biblScope></bibl>). On the nature of the Scythian slavery see:
|
|||
|
|
<bibl><author>Xazanov</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ВДИ"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>1972 I 159–170</biblScope></bibl>. — On the Sarmatians: <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">…during the war Sarmatians capture their enemies and then
|
|||
|
|
demanded heavy ransom for them, participated in slave trade</q> (<bibl>K. F.
|
|||
|
|
<author>Smirnov</author>. <title>Savromaty</title> [Sauromatians].
|
|||
|
|
<pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1964</date>, <biblScope>p. 205</biblScope></bibl>).
|
|||
|
|
The peoples of the North Caucauses also practiced this kind of slavery in the later
|
|||
|
|
centuries. <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">Slaves were exploited in property management, but
|
|||
|
|
were more often sold</q> (<bibl><author>Krupnov</author>. <title>Drevnjaja istorija
|
|||
|
|
Severnogo Kavkaza</title> [The ancient history of the North Caucasus].
|
|||
|
|
<pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>, <biblScope>p. 336</biblScope></bibl>).
|
|||
|
|
<q rend="#rend_doublequotes">The capturing of people and their selling as slaves was not
|
|||
|
|
foreign to Ossetic feudal lords… The Ossetians often raided the far-away gorges and
|
|||
|
|
brought slaves from there, who were later sold to other peoples or let go for a heavy
|
|||
|
|
buyout</q> (<bibl><author>Kokiev</author>. <title>Kabardino-osetinskie otnošenija v
|
|||
|
|
XVIII veke</title>. <bibl type="j"><title>Istoricheskie zapiski</title>, vol. 2.
|
|||
|
|
<pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1939</date></bibl>, <biblScope>p.
|
|||
|
|
189</biblScope></bibl>). The Georgian historian and geographer <name>Vakhushti</name>
|
|||
|
|
(XVIII в.) reports the following about mountain Ossetians: <q rend="#rend_doublequotes">they don't know what money is, instead using with felt, Chokhs (Circassians),
|
|||
|
|
unbleached linen, cloth, sheep, cows and captives</q> (<title>Opisanie czarstva
|
|||
|
|
gruzinskogo. Tbilisi, 1941; in Georgian</title>). Thus, both the polysemy of
|
|||
|
|
<q>slave</q> — <q>captive</q> and the etymological link to <q>trade</q> are well
|
|||
|
|
explained using the historical realities of the Ossetians. — See <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wacar"><w type="rec">wacar</w></ref>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>64, 66</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
|
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|
|
</entry>
|
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</body>
|
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</text>
|
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</TEI>
|