460 lines
33 KiB
XML
460 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">x˳y_1</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_x0y_1" n="1" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
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<form xml:id="form_d2477e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>x˳y</orth></form>
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<form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>xu</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d2477e69">
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>свинья</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>swine</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<sense>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>кабан</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>boar</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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</sense>
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<re>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>nækʼ˳y</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">боров</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hog</q>
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</tr>
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</sense>
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<note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵir"><w>ǵir</w>
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<gloss><q>нехолощеный самец</q></gloss></ref></note>
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<note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵir"><w>ǵir</w>
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<gloss><q>ungelded male</q></gloss></ref></note>
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</re>
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<re>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>qæddag x˳y</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">дикий (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">лесной</q>) кабан</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wild (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">forest</q>) boar</q>
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</tr>
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</sense>
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<note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tuskʼa" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
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<w>tuskʼa</w></ref>, <w type="rec">wæruz</w> id.; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒærǧ"><w>ʒærǧ</w>
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<gloss><q>свиноматка</q></gloss></ref></note>
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<note xml:lang="en" type="comment">; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tuskʼa" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
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<w>tuskʼa</w></ref>, <w type="rec">wæruz</w> id.; <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒærǧ"><w>ʒærǧ</w>
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<gloss><q>breeding sow</q></gloss></ref></note>
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</re>
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<re>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>x˳ygæs</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свинопас</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hogman</q>
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</tr>
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</sense>
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</re>
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<re>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>x˳yʒarm</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свиная кожа</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hogskin</q>
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</tr>
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</sense>
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</re>
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<re>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>x˳ydon</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">свинарник</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">pigsty</q>
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</tr>
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</sense>
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</re>
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<re>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>x˳yjy sær</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<def xml:lang="ru">название старинной скрипки, по форме напоминавшей свиную голову</def>
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<def xml:lang="en">the name of an ancient violin shaped like a pig’s head</def>
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</sense>
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</re>
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<exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">æxsænkʼ x˳ymæ ‘swad æmæ jyn zaǧta:
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<oRef>x˳y</oRef>, qīs radt!</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">блоха побежала к свинье и сказала ей: свинья,
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дай щетинку!</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the flea ran to the pig and said to her: pig,
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give me a bristle!</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОТ"/>
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<biblScope>61</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">dærdʒ æf xyztīs x˳yty styr ʒūg</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">вдали же от них паслось большое стадо
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свиней</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">here was a good way off from them an herd of
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many swine feeding</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Матфей"/>
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<biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">8</hi> 30</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Angetty fsænʒyx x˳ytæ wæ sændon
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baxordtoj</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ангетские железнорылые кабаны пожрали ваш
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виноградник</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230708T121316+0300" comment="?????"?>Anget<?oxy_comment_end ?>
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iron-nosed boars have devoured your vineyard</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
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<biblScope>I 78</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">næl x˳y ‘sx˳yssyd ma rīwyl</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">боров улегся на моей груди</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the boar lay down on my chest</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Темыр."/>
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<biblScope>19</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">x˳yjy kærīmæ k˳y waʒaj, wæd jæ særmæ
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xīzy</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">если подпустишь свинью к куче зерна, она лезет
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на его вершину</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">if you let a pig near a pile of grain, it
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climbs to the top</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><biblScope>пословица</biblScope></bibl>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
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<biblScope>III 231</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">u, x˳ytæ! ǵawyrtæ! qamyly x˳ytæ!</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">у, свиньи! гяуры! кабаны камышовые!»</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">uh, pigs! giaours! reed boars!</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Брит."/>
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<biblScope>91</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ʒikka gælʒægaw xutæn æz næ radʒænæn næ ewnæg
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kizgi Cærugtæn</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">как не бросают свиньям <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒykka">ʒikka</ref> (сырную кашу), так не отдам я нашу единственную
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дочь Царуговым</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">just as <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ʒykka"/>
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is not thrown to the pigs, so I will not give our only daughter to the Tsarugovs</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Gurdž._Æduli"/>
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<biblScope>96</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">wæjug læqwæni... sagi fid æma xui qanzæj
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xæssun bajdædta</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">великан стал выкармливать мальчика оленьим
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мясом и кабаньим мозгом</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the giant began to feed the boy with deer meat
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and boar brain</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/>
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<biblScope>2<hi rendition="#rend_subscript">5—3</hi></biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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</exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru"> Восходит к <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">hu-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
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<w type="rec">su-</w></mentioned>. Ср. <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
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<w>xūk</w></mentioned> (в диалектах: <mentioned xml:lang="sgr"><lang>сангисари</lang>
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<w>xu</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="glk"><lang/>
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<w>xi</w></mentioned>), <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
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<w>xūk</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ttt"><lang/>
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<w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
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<w>xü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hac"><lang/>
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<w>xū</w></mentioned>
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<note type="comment">(<w>khū</w>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>
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<biblScope>Abt. III, Bd. II, стр. 66</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>,
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<mentioned xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
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<w>hik</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
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<w>xūg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
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<w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
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<w>xäwg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
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<w>xüg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="isk" extralang="yai"><lang/>
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<w>xūg</w></mentioned>
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<gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hva-</w> в <w>hva-khāṃdalaja</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>кабаний клык</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hū-</w> в выражении <phr><w>hū-kəhrpa</w>
|
|||
|
|
<w>varāzahe</w></phr>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>в образе свиньи-кабана</q></gloss>, <phr><w>huš</w>
|
|||
|
|
<w>pərəsō</w></phr>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>свинья-поросенок</q></gloss></mentioned>,<note type="footnote">K.
|
|||
|
|
<name>Hoffmann</name> в статье <bibl><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Drei
|
|||
|
|
indogermanische Tiernamen in einem Avesta-Fragment</q></title> (Aufsätze zur
|
|||
|
|
Indoiranistik, II, <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>, <date>1976</date>, <biblScope>стр.
|
|||
|
|
490—492</biblScope>)</bibl>, видимо, прав, рассматривая <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>hū-</w></mentioned> в выражении<mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hū-kəhrpa</w></mentioned> не как дефектный генитив, а как чистый корень в качестве
|
|||
|
|
первого компонента сложного слова. <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang>Ав.</lang>
|
|||
|
|
<phr><w>huš</w>
|
|||
|
|
<w>pərəsō</w></phr></mentioned> в высокой степени примечательно. Здесь <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>pərəsō</w></mentioned> вместе с <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>pāʼsa</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned> сближается со <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>prasę</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sh" extralang="cs"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>prase</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>порося</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>поросенок</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>paršaš</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>porcus</w></mentioned> и пр. и представляет авесто-европейскую изоглоссу как
|
|||
|
|
частный случай скифо-европейских схождений (см.: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>12—13</biblScope></bibl>).</note>
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>sūkara-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>свинья</q>, <q>кабан</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>Sau</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-tchr"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>suwo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang>лат.</lang>
|
|||
|
|
<w>sūs</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ὗς</w>, <w>σῦς</w></mentioned>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned>. Производными от этого же корня являются
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>svinija</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>свинья</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>suvẽns</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>поросенок</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="got"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>swein</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang" extralang="goh"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>swīn</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>Schwein</w></mentioned>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned>. Форма <w>xug</w>, обычная в восточноиранских
|
|||
|
|
языках (см. выше), существовала и в осетинском. Отсюда фамилия <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>X˳ygatæ</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>Хугаевы</q></gloss></mentioned>, в переводе — <gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Кабановы</q></gloss>. Из скифского идет <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hogg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hog</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>боров</q></gloss></mentioned> (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">of uncertain
|
|||
|
|
origin</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Klein"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>I 735</biblScope></bibl>). — <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang>И.е.</lang>
|
|||
|
|
<w type="rec">su-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>свинья</q></gloss></mentioned> одни считают звукоподражательным, другие —
|
|||
|
|
заимствованием из китайского. <bibl><author>Szemerényi</author> (<title>Kratylos</title>
|
|||
|
|
<date>1966</date>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>XI 221</biblScope></bibl>) отождествляет его с базой
|
|||
|
|
<?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230503T171330+0300" comment="не уверена в диакритике"?><mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">sū̌-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>рождать</q></gloss></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, что представляется
|
|||
|
|
правдоподобным, если учесть, что из домашних животных свинья — самое плодовитое. —
|
|||
|
|
Одомашнение кабана восходит к общеиндоевропейской эпохе. Традиция свиноводства прочно
|
|||
|
|
держалась на европейской почве, но была частично утрачена на почве индоиранской [из
|
|||
|
|
последних работ см.: <bibl><author>Benveniste</author>. <title>Le vocabulaire des
|
|||
|
|
institutions indo-européennes, I</title>. <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>,
|
|||
|
|
<date>1969</date>, <biblScope>стр. 27—36 (глава 2: «<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Une opposition lexicale à réviser: <w>sus</w> et
|
|||
|
|
<w>porcus</w></q>)</biblScope></bibl>]. Скифо-сарматский мир в этом отношении (как и в
|
|||
|
|
ряде других) примыкает к европейскому. Здесь свиноводство свидетельствуется от глубокой
|
|||
|
|
древности. <bibl><author>Геродот</author>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>(IV 61)</biblScope></bibl> сообщает о скифах: <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Свиней они не приносят в жертву и вообще не имеют
|
|||
|
|
обыкновения содержать свиней в своей стране</q>. Первая часть этого утверждения не
|
|||
|
|
вызывает сомнений: ни у скифов, ни у сарматов, ни у осетин свинья никогда не была
|
|||
|
|
жертвенным животным. Но вторая часть применима только к кочевым племенам, но не к оседлым.
|
|||
|
|
По археологическим данным, в эпоху раннего железа свиньи в Сев. Причерноморье составляли
|
|||
|
|
от 10 до 50 % общего количества домашних животных. [См.: <bibl><author>Tsalkin</author>
|
|||
|
|
(<author>Цалкин</author>). <title>Economy of East European tribes in the Early Iron
|
|||
|
|
Age</title>. Tp. VII Междунар. конгресса антропол. и этногр. наук, т. V,
|
|||
|
|
<date>1970</date>, <biblScope>стр. 542—543</biblScope></bibl>]. Традиция свиноводства
|
|||
|
|
сохранялась и в более поздние эпохи. В Боспорском царстве <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">основную массу животной пищи составляли бык, овца, коза,
|
|||
|
|
свинья</q> (<bibl><author>Гайдукевич</author>. <title>Боспорское царство</title>.
|
|||
|
|
<pubPlace>М.—Л.</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>, <biblScope>стр.
|
|||
|
|
108—109</biblScope></bibl>). В Прикубанье в сарматскую эпоху <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">свиноводство было широко развито и занимало одно из
|
|||
|
|
первых мест</q> (<bibl><author>Анфимов</author>. <title>Древние поселения
|
|||
|
|
Прикубанья</title>. <pubPlace>Краснодар</pubPlace>, <date>1953</date>, <biblScope>стр.
|
|||
|
|
52</biblScope></bibl>). — Из иранского идут, возможно, абхазо-адыгские названия
|
|||
|
|
свиньи: <mentioned xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>a-x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>x̄˳ä</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>gḥ˳ā-</w></mentioned> — См. еще <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ydon"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0yʒarm"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ygæs"/>.<lb/><bibl>Вс. <author>Миллер</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">ОЭ</ref>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>II 74</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>66</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>501</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
|
|||
|
|
<etym xml:lang="en"> Goes back to <mentioned xml:lang="ira"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w type="rec">hu-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w type="rec">su-</w></mentioned>. Cf. <mentioned><mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xūk</w></mentioned> (in dialects: <mentioned xml:lang="sgr"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xu</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="glk"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xi</w></mentioned>), <mentioned xml:lang="pal"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xūk</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ttt"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ku"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xü</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="hac"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xū</w></mentioned>
|
|||
|
|
<note type="comment">(<w>khū</w>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KPF"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>Abt. III, Bd. II, p. 66</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>,
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned xml:lang="x-balochi"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hik</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ps"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xūg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sgh"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xug</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="srh"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xäwg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="wbl"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xüg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="isk" extralang="yai"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xūg</w></mentioned>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hva-</w> in <w>hva-khāṃdalaja</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>boar fang</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hū-</w> in the expression <phr><w>hū-kəhrpa</w>
|
|||
|
|
<w>varāzahe</w></phr>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>in the form of a pig</q></gloss>, <phr><w>huš</w>
|
|||
|
|
<w>pərəsō</w></phr>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>,<note type="footnote">K. <name>Hoffmann</name> in
|
|||
|
|
the article <bibl><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Drei indogermanische
|
|||
|
|
Tiernamen in einem Avesta-Fragment</q></title> (Aufsätze zur Indoiranistik, II,
|
|||
|
|
<pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>, <date>1976</date>, <biblScope>pp.
|
|||
|
|
490—492</biblScope>)</bibl> is apparently right considering <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>hū-</w></mentioned> in the expression<mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hū-kəhrpa</w></mentioned> not as a defective genitive, but as a pure root as the
|
|||
|
|
first component of a compound word. <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<phr><w>huš</w>
|
|||
|
|
<w>pərəsō</w></phr></mentioned> is highly noteworthy. Here <mentioned xml:lang="ae"><w>pərəsō</w></mentioned> together with <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>pāʼsa</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned> is close to <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>prasę</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="sh" extralang="cs"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>prase</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uk"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>porosja</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>porosenok</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>paršaš</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>porcus</w></mentioned> etc. and presents the Avesto-European isogloss as a special
|
|||
|
|
case of Scytho-European similarities (see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>12—13</biblScope></bibl>).</note>
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>sūkara-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q>, <q>boar</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="goh"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>su</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>Sau</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="x-tchr"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>suwo</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>sūs</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ὗς</w>, <w>σῦς</w></mentioned>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>. The following words are derived from the same
|
|||
|
|
root <mentioned xml:lang="cu"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>svinija</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>svinʼja</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="lv"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>suvẽns</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>young pig</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="got"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>swein</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="ang" extralang="goh"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>swīn</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="de"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>Schwein</w></mentioned>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned>. The form <w>xug</w>, common in Eastern Iranian
|
|||
|
|
languages (see above), also existed in Ossetic. Here the last name <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>X˳ygatæ</w></mentioned> comes from. <mentioned xml:lang="ang"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hogg</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="en"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>hog</w></mentioned> comes from Scythian (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">of
|
|||
|
|
uncertain origin</q>: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Klein"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>I 735</biblScope></bibl>). — Some consider <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w type="rec">su-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>pig</q></gloss></mentioned> onomatopoeic, others consider it borrowed from
|
|||
|
|
Chinese. <bibl><author>Szemerényi</author> (<title>Kratylos</title>
|
|||
|
|
<date>1966</date>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>XI 221</biblScope></bibl>) identifies it with the stem
|
|||
|
|
<?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230503T171330+0300" comment="не уверена в диакритике"?><mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">sū̌-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>give birth</q></gloss></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, which seems plausible,
|
|||
|
|
given that the pig is the most prolific domestic animal. — The domestication of the boar
|
|||
|
|
dates back to the common Indo-European era. The tradition of pig breeding was firmly
|
|||
|
|
established in European tradition, but was partially lost in Indo-Iranian culture [For
|
|||
|
|
recent works, see: <bibl><author>Benveniste</author>. <title>Le vocabulaire des
|
|||
|
|
institutions indo-européennes, I</title>. <pubPlace>Paris</pubPlace>,
|
|||
|
|
<date>1969</date>, <biblScope>pp. 27—36 (chapter 2: «<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Une opposition lexicale à réviser: <w>sus</w> et
|
|||
|
|
<w>porcus</w></q>)</biblScope></bibl>]. The Scythian-Sarmatian world in this respect (as
|
|||
|
|
well as in a number of others) adjoins the European one. Here, pig breeding is evidenced
|
|||
|
|
from ancient times. <bibl><author>Herodotus</author>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>(IV 61)</biblScope></bibl> tells about the Scythians:
|
|||
|
|
<?oxy_comment_start author="jvsin" timestamp="20230708T130354+0300" comment="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4&force=y
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
64"?><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">these Scythians make no offerings of swine; nor
|
|||
|
|
are they willing for the most part to rear them in their country</q><?oxy_comment_end ?>.
|
|||
|
|
The first part of this statement is beyond doubt: neither the Scythians, nor the
|
|||
|
|
Sarmatians, nor the Ossetians have ever had a pig as a sacrificial animal. But the second
|
|||
|
|
part applies only to nomadic tribes, but not to settled ones. According to archaeological
|
|||
|
|
data, in the Early Iron Age, pigs in the North. The Black Sea region accounted for 10 to
|
|||
|
|
50% of the total number of domestic animals. [See.: <bibl><author>Tsalkin</author>.
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<title>Economy of East European tribes in the Early Iron Age</title>. Tp. VII
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Meždunar. kongressa antropol. i ètnogr. nauk, t. V, <date>1970</date>, <biblScope>pp.
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542—543</biblScope></bibl>]. The tradition of pig breeding was preserved in later
|
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eras. In the Bosporan kingdom, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">the bulk of animal food
|
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was bull, sheep, goat, pig</q> (<bibl><author>Gajdukevič</author>. <title>Bosporskoe
|
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carstvo</title>. <pubPlace>Mosocow — Leningrad</pubPlace>, <date>1949</date>,
|
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<biblScope>p. 108—109</biblScope></bibl>). In the Kuban region in the Sarmatian era <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">pig breeding was widely developed and occupied one of the
|
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first places</q> (<bibl><author>Anfimov</author>. <title>Drevnie poselenija
|
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Prikubanʼja</title>. <pubPlace>Krasnodar</pubPlace>, <date>1953</date>, <biblScope>p.
|
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52</biblScope></bibl>). — Abkhaz-Adyghe names of a pig possibly come from Iranian:
|
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<mentioned xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
|
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<w>a-x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="abq"><lang/>
|
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<w>x́˳a</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="uby"><lang/>
|
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<w>x̄˳ä</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="kbd"><lang/>
|
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<w>gḥ˳ā-</w></mentioned>. — See also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ydon"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0yʒarm"/>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_x0ygæs"/>.<lb/><bibl>Ws. <author>Miller</author>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ">OE</ref>
|
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<biblScope>II 74</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Miller._Gr.">Gr.</ref>
|
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<biblScope>66</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/>
|
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<biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
|
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<biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._Saka_Dictionary"/>
|
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<biblScope>501</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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</entry>
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</body>
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</text>
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</TEI>
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