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214 lines
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18 KiB
XML
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæxæra</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
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<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_cæxæra" xml:lang="os">
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<form xml:id="form_d5224e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>cæxæra</orth></form>
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<form xml:id="form_d5224e69" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ʒæræra</orth></form>
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<sense n="1" xml:id="sense_cæxæra.1" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><usg><lang/></usg><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>свекла</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>beet</q>
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</abv:tr></sense>
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<sense n="2" xml:id="sense_cæxæra.2" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><usg><lang/></usg><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>огород</q>
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</abv:tr><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">; ср. д. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘свекла’, ‘бурак’</note><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">; cf. Digor <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘beet’,
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‘beet-root’</note><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>vegetable garden</q>
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</abv:tr><note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">; ср. д. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘свекла’, ‘бурак’</note><note type="comment" xml:lang="en">; cf. Digor <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼumbul"/> ‘beet’,
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‘beet-root’</note></sense>
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<re xml:id="re_d5224e112">
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<note type="comment" xml:lang="ru">отсюда</note>
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<note type="comment" xml:lang="en">from this</note>
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<form xml:id="form_d5224e120" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>cæxæraǵyn</orth></form>
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<form xml:id="form_d5224e123" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>ʒæxæragun</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d5224e126"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>пирог с начинкой из съедобных трав</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>pie stuffed with edible herbs</q>
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</abv:tr></sense>
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</re>
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<re xml:id="re_d5224e138">
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<form xml:id="form_d5224e140" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>cʼiw-ʒæxæra</orth></form>
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<form xml:id="form_d5224e143" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>cʼew-ʒæxæra</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d5224e146"><def xml:lang="ru">название одного из таких растений</def><def xml:lang="en">the name of one of these plants</def></sense>
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</re>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5224e153">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e155">
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<quote>acy az kartof æmæ cæxæra bīræ ærkʼaxtam</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>в этом году мы откопали много картофеля и свеклы</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>this year we dug up a lot of potatoes and beets</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e170">
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<quote>aly xæʒary farsmæ—cæxæradon</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>у каждого дома — огород</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>kitchen garden is near every house</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d5224e186">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e188" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>madæ æmæ Sozur kʼaxnadbæl ʒæxærati æxsæn fæccæwuncæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>мать и Созур идут по тропинке между огородами</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>mother and Sozur are walking along a path between kitchen gardens</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 9</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e210" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>ʒæxærati kosæg brigadæ æncæ atæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>это — бригада, работающая на огородах</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>this is a team working in kitchen gardens</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 9</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e232" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>(iuni) ʒæxæratæ æxsastoncæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>(в июне) пололи огороды</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>(in June) [they] pulled weeds in kitchen gardens</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>I 71</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e254" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>stur næ ʽj ne ʽskʼolaj ʒæxæradonæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>наш школьный огород невелик</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>our school vegetable garden is not big</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_FS"/><biblScope>II 60</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d5224e276" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>ʒæxæragæs istudta ew kʼotær</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>огородник вытащил один куст</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>the gardener pulled out one bush</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_AK"/><biblScope>II 10</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Подобно названиям некоторых других огородных растений, усвоено
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из грузинского: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e392" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e301" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>čʼarxali</w>
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<gloss><q>свекла</q></gloss></mentioned>. Осетинский, как и грузинский,
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неохотно терпит два <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> в одном слове, — с той, однако, разницей, что в
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грузинском диссимиляции (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">l</hi>) подвергается второй <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>, а в
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осетинском — первый. Мы имеем, стало быть: <hi rendition="#rend_italic">čʼarxal</hi>- → *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">calxar</hi>- →
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæxær</hi>-. Конечный <hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi>, вместо грузинского <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi>, появляется еще в некоторых
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заимствованиях из грузинского: ср. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūcʼa"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e402" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e311" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>kʼčʼi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbæda"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e409" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e318" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>qbedi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_syxyrna"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e417" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e326" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>cxrili</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_paxsa"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e424" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e333" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>pocxi</w></mentioned>). Мы относим эту особенность не за счет
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осетинского, а за счет тех грузинских диалектов, из которых непосредственно
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усвоены соответствующие слова. Действительно, в некоторых соседящих с осетинским
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грузинских диалектах (мохевском, хевсурском) в именительном падеже вместо -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi>
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появляется -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi> или -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ау</hi>. Субституция звонкого вместо смычно-гортанного
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e429" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e338" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
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<w>ʒæxæra</w></mentioned>) весьма обычна. Субституция вместо
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смычно-гортанного глухого придыхательного (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e434" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e343" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
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<w>cæxæra</w></mentioned>) встречается реже, но также возможна в более
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старом слое грузинских заимствований; ср. выше <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæqal"/>. Таким образом, звуковую историю слова можно считать
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ясной.— <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e442" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e351" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>čʼarxali</w>
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<gloss><q>свекла</q></gloss></mentioned> стоит, со своей стороны, в родстве
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с <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e450" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e359" xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
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<w>čʼǝ̀rkwa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e455" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e364" xml:lang="ab"><w>cʼǝ̀rkwa</w>
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<gloss><q>земляная груша</q></gloss></mentioned>. Развившееся на осетинской
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почве значение „съедобная трава в вареном виде“ перешло из осетинского в
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чечено-ингушский: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e461" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e370" xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
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<w>žaxar</w>
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<gloss><q>вареная черемша</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Ср. названия других
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овощей: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_būlkʼ"/> ‘редька’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nūry"/> ‘чеснок’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵītrī"/>
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‘огурец’.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>87,
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120, 325, 520</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">Like names of some other garden plants, this word is borrowed
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from Georgian: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e301" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e392" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>čʼarxali</w>
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<gloss><q>beet</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ossetic unwillingly bears two <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>
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in one word, as well as Georgian — however, with such difference that in
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Georgian the second <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> undergoes dissimilation (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> → <hi rendition="#rend_italic">l</hi>), and in
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Ossetic — the first one. Thus, we have: <hi rendition="#rend_italic">čʼarxal</hi>- → *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">calxar</hi>- →
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæxær</hi>-. The final <hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi> instead of Georgian <hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi> appears in some other
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Georgian borrowings: cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_gūcʼa"/> (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e311" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e402" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>kʼčʼi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kʼæbæda"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e318" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e409" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>qbedi</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_syxyrna"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e326" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e417" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>cxrili</w></mentioned>), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_paxsa"/>
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e333" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e424" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>pocxi</w></mentioned>). We attribute this feature not to Ossetic, but to
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those Georgian dialects from which the corresponding words were directly
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borrowed. In fact in some Georgian dialects that are neighbour to Ossetic
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(Mokhevian, Khevsurian) -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">а</hi> or -<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ау</hi> appear in nominative case instead of
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-<hi rendition="#rend_italic">i</hi>. The substitution of a voiced instead of an ejective consonant
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(<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e338" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e429" xml:lang="os-x-digor"><lang/>
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<w>ʒæxæra</w></mentioned>) is quite regular. The substitution of a voiceless
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aspirated consonant instead of an ejective one (<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e343" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e434" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
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<w>cæxæra</w></mentioned>) happens less often but is still possible in an
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older group of Georgian borrowings; cf. above <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæqal"/>. As a result, the phonetic history of the word may
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be considered clear.— <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e351" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e442" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>čʼarxali</w>
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<gloss><q>beet</q></gloss></mentioned> for its part relates to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e359" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e450" xml:lang="ab"><lang/>
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<w>čʼǝ̀rkwa</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e364" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e455" xml:lang="ab"><w>cʼǝ̀rkwa</w>
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<gloss><q>earth apple</q></gloss></mentioned>. The meaning “cooked edible
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herb” which had developped in Ossetic came from Ossetic to Chechen-Ingush:
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d5224e370" xml:id="mentioned_d5224e461" xml:lang="ce" extralang="inh"><lang/>
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<w>žaxar</w>
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<gloss><q>boiled rampson</q></gloss></mentioned>. — Cf. names of other
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vegetables: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_būlkʼ"/> ‘radish’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_nūry"/> ‘garlic’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǵītrī"/>
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‘cucumber’.%n<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>87,
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120, 325, 520</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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</entry>
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</body>
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</text>
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</TEI> |