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24 KiB
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268 lines
No EOL
24 KiB
XML
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">Wærgon</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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||
<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
|
||
<tagsDecl>
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||
<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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||
</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_Wærgon" xml:lang="os-x-digor" abv:completeness="questions">
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<form xml:id="form_d1813e66" type="lemma"><orth>Wærgon</orth></form>
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<re>
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<note xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> имя бога-кузнеца в сочетании </note>
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<note xml:lang="en" type="comment"> name of a blacksmith deity in the combination </note>
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<form type="lemma"><orth>Kurd-Alæ-Wærgon</orth></form>
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<sense>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Кузнец-Арийский
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(аланский)-<oRef>Wærgon</oRef></q>
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</tr>
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<tr xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Smith-Aryan (Alan)-<oRef>Wærgon</oRef></q>
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</tr>
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</sense>
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<formGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment">более
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употребительны стяженные формы </note>
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment">fused forms are
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more widely used: </note>
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<form xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="variant" xml:lang="os"><orth>Kurdalæwgon</orth>
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<bibl>(<ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/><biblScope>II
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42</biblScope>)</bibl></form>
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</formGrp>
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<formGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> и особенно </note>
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> and in
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particular </note>
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<form xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="variant" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>K˳yrdalægon</orth></form>
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<form xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="variant"><orth>Kurdalægon</orth></form>
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</formGrp>
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<note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">. Вполне очевидно, что <oRef>Kurd-Alæ-Wærgon</oRef> —
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первоначальная форма, а <oRef>Kurdalægon</oRef> — вторичная</note>
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<note xml:lang="en" type="comment">. It is quite obvious that <oRef>Kurd-Alæ-Wærgon</oRef>
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is the original form, and <oRef>Kurdalægon</oRef> is a secondary one</note>
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</re>
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<exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">biccew in zaǧta: nur mæ
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<oRef>Kurd-Alæ-Wærgonæn</oRef> bajsærun kænæ, e ba ajdaǧ bolat ison</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">мальчик сказал ей: теперь ты вели Кузнецу
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Ала-Варгону закалить меня, чтобы я стал совершенно стальной</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the boy said to her: now you make the Smith
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Alæ-Wærgon harden me, so that I become completely of steel</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/>
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<biblScope>II 10</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslan <oRef>Kurd-Alæ-Wærgonæj</oRef> isard
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æj</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Сослан закален Кузнецом Ала-Варгоном</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslan is hardened by the Smith Alæ-Wærgon</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сл."/>
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<biblScope>I 638</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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</exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Производное от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wærg"><w type="rec">wærg</w>
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<gloss><q>волк</q></gloss></ref>. Формально соответствует <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
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<w>Varkāna-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
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<w>Gurgān</w></mentioned>
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<gloss>название страны</gloss></mentioned>, ср. <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
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<note type="comment">(из иран.)</note>
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<w>Vrkʼan</w>
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<gloss><q>Гиркания</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Vrkʼen</w>
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<note type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
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<w>Gurgen</w></mentioned>)</note>
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<gloss>личное имя</gloss>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/>
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<biblScope>86</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Известно, что названия
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некоторых животных попадают под запрет — табу — и заменяются заимствованными или
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описательными наименованиями. Но, исчезнув из обиходной лексики, они могут сохраниться в
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мифологии, антропо-, этно- и топонимии. Так именно случилось в осетинском и латинском со
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старым названием волка. Оно должно было звучать в осетинском <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wærg"><w type="rec">wærg</w></ref>, в латинском <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w type="rec">volcus</w></mentioned> (сюда же <mentioned xml:lang="cel"><lang>кельтский</lang>
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<gloss>этноним</gloss>
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<w>Volcos</w></mentioned>, откуда <mentioned xml:lang="gem"><lang/>
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<w>walha</w></mentioned>,
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231110T171007+0300" comment="ст.слав.?"?><mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
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<w>volxъ</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>волох</w></mentioned>: <bibl><author>Мартынов</author>. <title>Славяно-германское
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лексическое взаимодействие древнейшей поры</title>. <pubPlace>Минск</pubPlace>,
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<date>1963</date>, <biblScope>стр. 79</biblScope></bibl>). Вместо этого находим в
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осетинском заимствованное (из сакского?) <ref type="xr" target="#entry_bīræǧ"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">bīræǧ</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">beræǧ</w></ref>, в <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang>латинском</lang> — <note type="comment">заимствованное из
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сабинского</note>
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<w>lupus</w></mentioned>. Но исконное наименование волка сохранилось в имени
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бога-кузнеца: ос. <oRef>Wærgon</oRef>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
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<w>Volcānus</w></mentioned>. Оба имени образованы с помощью одного и того же форманта
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<mentioned xml:lang="ine"><m>-ān-</m>
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<note type="bibl">(об этом форманте см.: <bibl><author>Leumann—Hofmann</author>.
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<title>Lateinische Grammatik</title>. <pubPlace>München</pubPlace>,
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<date>1928</date>, <biblScope>стр. 223 сл.</biblScope></bibl>; см. также:
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<bibl><author>Detschew</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KZ"/>
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<biblScope>LXIII 240</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Точное соответствие
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находим и на кельтской почве: <mentioned xml:lang="sga"><lang/>
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<w>Olcan</w>
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<gloss>личное имя от и.е. <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">wlk˳-</w>
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<gloss><q>волк</q></gloss></mentioned></gloss>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
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<biblScope>1178</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. Мифологический смысл данной
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этимологии состоит в том, что у предков и осетин, и римлян культ бога огня и кузнечного
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дела был преемственно связан с тотемическим культом волка. Эта преемственность прозрачно
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отражена в героическом эпосе осетин. Герои эпоса проходят закалку, делающую их
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неуязвимыми. Но в более архаичном варианте эта закалка производится путем погружения в
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волчье молоко, а в позднейшем — в горниле небесного кузнеца. Тотемическая роль волка ясно
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выступает в легенде о Ромуле и Реме, вскормленных волчицей, а у осетин — в имени
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родоначальника эпических героев <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, которое, как и
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<oRef>Wærgon</oRef> и <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Volcānus</w></mentioned>, восходит к
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индоевропейскому названию волка. О роли волка в древнеиранских верованиях см.:
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<bibl><author>Wikander</author>. <title>Der arische Männerbund</title>.
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<pubPlace>Lund</pubPlace>, <date>1938</date>, <biblScope>стр.
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64—65</biblScope></bibl>. — Замечание <bibl><author>Meid</author>’а (<title>Lat. Volcānus
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— Osset. Wærgon</title>. <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_IF"/>
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<biblScope>66, стр. 125—131</biblScope>)</bibl>, что римский Вулкан не обнаруживает
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никакой связи с волком, не учитывает того хорошо известного факта, что функции и
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манифестации богов постоянно меняются. Достаточно одного примера: арийский <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><w>Vāyu-</w>, <gloss>первоначально <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">бог
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ветра</q></gloss></mentioned>, со временем приобретает функции бога войны,
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загробного мира и пр. (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjyg"/>). Соответствие ос.
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<oRef>Wærgon</oRef> — <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
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<w>Volcānus</w></mentioned> не стоит изолированно. Оно входит в группу скифо-латинских
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изоглосс, возникших в рамках древнеевропейского языкового сообщества (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Alteuropäisch</q>, по <name>Krahe</name>) (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
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<biblScope>127— 131</biblScope></bibl>).<note type="footnote"><mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang>Лат.</lang>
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<w>Volcānus</w></mentioned> сближают с <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
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<w>Velchan-</w></mentioned> и <mentioned xml:lang="ecr"><lang/>
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<w>Zeus Velchanos</w></mentioned>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Schrader"/>
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<biblScope>II 239, прим. 1</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, которые,
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однако, сами нуждаются в разъяснении: obscurum per obscurius или, точнее, clarum per
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obscurum. В римском и этрусским пантеоне ряд общих имен, большей частью темных по
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происхождению: <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Junona</w></mentioned>— <mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
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<w>Uni</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Neptunus</w></mentioned> —
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<mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
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<w>Nethun-</w></mentioned> и др. (<bibl><author>Pallottino</author>.
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<title>Etruscologia</title>. <pubPlace>Milano</pubPlace>, <date>1955</date>,
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<biblScope>стр. 125</biblScope></bibl>). Там, где этимология прозрачная, речь идет о
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заимствовании из латинского в этрусский, а не обратно, например <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
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<w>Silvanus</w></mentioned> — <mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
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<w>Selvan</w></mentioned>.</note> — Эпитет небесного кузнеца <w>alæ</w> возводится к
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<mentioned xml:lang="iir"><w>ārya-</w>
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<gloss><q>арийский</q></gloss>, <gloss>позднее <q>аланский</q></gloss></mentioned>, см.
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_allon"/>. Ведийские боги также часто носили эпитет
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<mentioned xml:lang="sa-vaidika"><w>arya-</w></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Grassmann"/>
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<biblScope>115—116</biblScope></bibl>).<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
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<biblScope>592—594</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
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<biblScope> 28, 38, 92-97, 123, 129</biblScope></bibl>. </etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">Derivate of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wærg"><w type="rec">wærg</w>
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<gloss><q>wolf</q></gloss></ref>. Formally corresponds to <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="peo"><lang/>
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<w>Varkāna-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
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<w>Gurgān</w></mentioned>
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<gloss>name of a country</gloss></mentioned>, cf. <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
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<note type="comment">(from Iranian)</note>
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<w>Vrkʼan</w>
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<gloss><q>Hyrcania</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="xcl"><w>Vrkʼen</w>
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<note type="comment">(<mentioned xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
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<w>Gurgen</w></mentioned>)</note>
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<gloss>proper name</gloss>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Arm._Gr."/>
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<biblScope>86</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. It is known that the names of
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some animals fall under a prohibition — a taboo — and replaced by borrowed or descriptive
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names. But having disappeared from the common lexicon, they may remain in the mythology,
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in anthropo-, ethno- and toponymy. This is exactly what happened with the old name of the
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wolf in Ossetic and Latin. It must have sounded as <ref type="xr" target="#entry_8wærg"><w type="rec">wærg</w></ref> in Ossetic, and as <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w type="rec">volcus</w></mentioned> in Latin (also cf. the <mentioned xml:lang="cel"><lang/>
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<gloss>ethnonym</gloss>
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<w>Volcos</w></mentioned>, whence <mentioned xml:lang="gem"><lang/>
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<w>walha</w></mentioned>,
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231110T171007+0300" comment="ст.слав.?"?><mentioned xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
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<w>volxъ</w></mentioned><?oxy_comment_end ?>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>volox</w></mentioned>: <bibl><author>Martynov</author>. <title>Slavjano-germanskoe
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leksičeskoe vzaimodejstvie drevnejšej pory</title> [Slavic-Germanic lexical
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interaction of the earliest period]. <pubPlace>Minsk</pubPlace>, <date>1963</date>,
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<biblScope>p. 79</biblScope></bibl>). Instread of this we find in Ossetic a loanword
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(from Saka?) <ref type="xr" target="#entry_bīræǧ"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">bīræǧ</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">beræǧ</w></ref>, and in <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>, <note type="comment">the Sabine loanword</note>
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<w>lupus</w></mentioned>. But the original name of the wolf has been retained in the
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name of the blacksmith deity: Ossetic <oRef>Wærgon</oRef>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
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<w>Volcānus</w></mentioned>. Both names are derived using the same suffix <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><m>-ān-</m>
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<note type="bibl">(on this suffix see: <bibl><author>Leumann—Hofmann</author>.
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<title>Lateinische Grammatik</title>. <pubPlace>München</pubPlace>,
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<date>1928</date>, <biblScope>pp. 223 ff.</biblScope></bibl>; see also:
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<bibl><author>Detschew</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_KZ"/>
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<biblScope>LXIII 240</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. An exact correspondence
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is also found in Celtic: <mentioned xml:lang="sga"><lang/>
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<w>Olcan</w>
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<gloss>proper name from Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine"><w type="rec">wlk˳-</w>
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<gloss><q>wolf</q></gloss></mentioned></gloss>
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<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Pokorny"/>
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<biblScope>1178</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>. The mythological meaning of
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this etymology is that among the ancestors of both the Ossetians and the Romans, the cult
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of the god of fire and smithery was
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<?oxy_comment_start author="oleg" timestamp="20231110T175646+0300" comment="?"?>ancestrally
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connected<?oxy_comment_end ?> to the totemic cult of the wolf. This continuity is
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transparently reflected om the heroic epics of the Ossetians. The heroes of the epics come
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through a hardening that makes them invincible. But in the more archaic variant this
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hardening is performed by immersion in wolf milk, and in the later variant, in the furnace
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of the heavenly smith. The totemic role of the wolf is clearly present in the legend of
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Romulus and Remus, fed by a she-wolf, and among the Ossetians, in the name of the
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progenitor of the epic heroes <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Wærxæg"/>, which, like
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<oRef>Wærgon</oRef> and <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Volcānus</w></mentioned>, goes back
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to the Indo-European name of the wolf. On the name of the wolf in Old Iranian beliefs see:
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<bibl><author>Wikander</author>. <title>Der arische Männerbund</title>.
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<pubPlace>Lund</pubPlace>, <date>1938</date>, <biblScope>pp. 64—65</biblScope></bibl>.
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— <bibl><author>Meid</author>’s observation (<title>Lat. Volcānus — Osset. Wærgon</title>.
|
||
<ref type="bibl" target="#ref_IF"/>
|
||
<biblScope>66, pp. 125—131</biblScope>)</bibl> that the Roman Volcanus displays no
|
||
connection with the wolf, does not take into consideration the well-known fact that the
|
||
functions and manifestations of the gods are constantly changing. It is enough to provide
|
||
one example: the Aryan <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><w>Vāyu-</w>, <gloss>originally <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">wind god</q></gloss></mentioned>, with time acquires
|
||
the attribute of a god of war, the afterworld etc. (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_wæjyg"/>). The correspondence Ossetic <oRef>Wærgon</oRef> — <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Volcānus</w></mentioned> is not isolated. It is part of a group of Scytho-Latin
|
||
isoglosses that developed within an early European linguistic community (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Alteuropäisch</q> according to <name>Krahe</name>)
|
||
(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
|
||
<biblScope>127— 131</biblScope></bibl>).<note type="footnote"><mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Volcānus</w></mentioned> is sometimes connected to <mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Velchan-</w></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="ecr"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Zeus Velchanos</w></mentioned>
|
||
<note type="bibl">(<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Schrader"/>
|
||
<biblScope>II 239, fn. 1</biblScope></bibl>)</note></mentioned>, which, however,
|
||
themselves require an explanation: <foreign>obscurum per obscurius</foreign> or, more
|
||
precisely, <foreign>clarum per obscurum</foreign>. In the Roman and Etruscan pantheon
|
||
there is a number of names in common, most of which are of obscure origin: <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Junona</w></mentioned>— <mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Uni</w></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="la"><w>Neptunus</w></mentioned> —
|
||
<mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Nethun-</w></mentioned> etc. (<bibl><author>Pallottino</author>.
|
||
<title>Etruscologia</title>. <pubPlace>Milano</pubPlace>, <date>1955</date>,
|
||
<biblScope>p. 125</biblScope></bibl>). Where the etymology is transparent the
|
||
borrowing is from Latin into Etruscan, and not the other way around, e.g. <mentioned xml:lang="la"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Silvanus</w></mentioned> — <mentioned xml:lang="ett"><lang/>
|
||
<w>Selvan</w></mentioned>.</note> — The epithet of the heavenly smith <w>alæ</w> goes
|
||
back to <mentioned xml:lang="iir"><w>ārya-</w>
|
||
<gloss><q>Aryan</q></gloss>, <gloss>later <q>Alan</q></gloss></mentioned>, see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_allon"/>. The Vedic gods also often bore the epithet <mentioned xml:lang="sa-vaidika"><w>arya-</w></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Grassmann"/>
|
||
<biblScope>115—116</biblScope></bibl>).<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/>
|
||
<biblScope>592—594</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_СЕИ"/>
|
||
<biblScope> 28, 38, 92-97, 123, 129</biblScope></bibl>. </etym>
|
||
</entry>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</text>
|
||
</TEI> |