166 lines
17 KiB
XML
166 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæfxad</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
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<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_cæfxad" xml:lang="os">
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<form xml:id="form_d2797e66" type="lemma"><orth>cæfxad</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d2797e69"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>подкова</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>horseshoe</q>
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</abv:tr></sense>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d2797e79">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d2797e81">
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<quote>Soslanæn jæ bæxy cæfxædtæ fæstærdæm saǧd festadysty</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>подковы коня Сослана оказались прибитыми задом наперед</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>horseshoes of the Soslan's horse were nailed backwards</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/><biblScope>133</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d2797e100">
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<quote>bolat ændonæj dyn skænʒæn jæ cæfxædtæ</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>из булатной стали он сделает тебе подковы</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>he will make you shorseshoes of damask steel</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>70</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d2797e119" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>… Qanuqti æfsæn dwaræj ba æ bæxæn cuppar cæfxati <hi rendition="#rend_italic">(sic!)</hi> kud
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iskæna</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>… чтобы он из железных ворот Кануковых сделал для своего коня
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четыре подковы</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>… so that he would make four horseshoes for his horse of the
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Kanulovs' iron gates</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_СОПам."/><biblScope>II
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122</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d2797e141">
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<quote>æʒæfxad</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q rendition="rend_singlequotes">неподкованный</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q rendition="rend_singlequotes">unshod</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d2797e158" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<quote>galtæbæl æʒæfxatæj (lasun)</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>(возить) на неподкованных быках</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>(carry) on unshod bulls</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Bes._Ka_ke"/><biblScope>84</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d2797e181">
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<quote>læppū jæ alasajæn jæ cæjxædtæ fæstærdæm asaǧta æmæ rafardæg īs mærdty
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bæstæj</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>юноша прибил своей лошади подковы задом наперед и отправился из
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царства мертвых</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>the young man shoed his horse backwards and set off from the nether
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world</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/><biblScope>39</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Группа согласных <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fs</hi> возникает
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в осетинском часто как результат метатезы группы <hi rendition="#rend_italic">sf</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">sp</hi> (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_jæfs"/> ‘кобыла’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsad"/>
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‘войско’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæn"/> ‘железо’ и мн. др.). В согласии
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с фонетическими тенденциями осетинского языка группу <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fx</hi> можно рассматривать также как метатезу <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xf</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kf</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">gf</hi>. Восстанавливаемое таким образом *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cægfad</hi> представляет очевидное сложение из <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæg"/> ‘кольцо’, ‘скоба’ и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fad"/> ‘нога’: „кольцо (или скоба) ноги“. Порядок составных
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частей отличается от современного, где мы ожидаем *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">fadcæg</hi> (тип tatpurusa, первый член стоит в падежной зависимости от
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второго); ср. qūs-cæg ‘серьга’ [см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qūscæg"/>]
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(„кольцо уха“) с „нормальным“ порядком частей. Однако необычный порядок частей в
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*<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cægfad</hi> поддерживается еще несколькими
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вполне надежными случаями: <hi rendition="#rend_italic">jæw-gæf</hi> ‘икра’ [см.
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_jæwgæf"/>] (вместо <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kæf"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_jæw"/> „рыбье просо“),
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ḱyr-ǧæd </hi>‘коробка’, ‘ларец’ [см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱyrǧæd"/>] (вместо <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǧæd"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱyr"/> „деревянный
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сундучок“), <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xæf-fynʒ</hi> ‘сопля’ [см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæffynʒ"/>] (вместо <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fynʒ"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæf"/> „носовой гной“),
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">don-guron</hi> [см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_donguron"/>] (вместо <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kuron</hi>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_don"/> „мельничная речка“), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zǧællagkom"><hi rendition="#rend_italic">zǧællag-kom</hi> ‘удила’</ref> (вместо <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kom"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_zǧællag"/> „ротовое
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железо“). Эти и другие случаи позволяют предполагать, что в прошлом такой
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порядок сложения в осетинском был вполне закономерен. Древность коневодства и
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кузнечного дела у осетин (см. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_K0yrdalægon"/>)
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говорит в пользу того, что <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæfxad</hi> ‘подкова’ —
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весьма старое слово. Для семантики ‘кольцо’ ↔ ‘серьга’ ↔ ‘подкова’ ср.
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e352" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e248" xml:lang="kap"><lang/>
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<w>aǧaiatl cʼo</w>
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<gloss><q>серьга</q></gloss></mentioned> = „подкова ушей“, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e360" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e256" xml:lang="ani"><lang/>
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<w>lol</w>
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<gloss><q>подкова</q></gloss></mentioned> — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e369" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e265" xml:lang="ani"><lang/>
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<w>cʼekʼa-lol</w>
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<gloss><q>кольцо</q></gloss></mentioned> (буквально „подкова пальца“).
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e377" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e273" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>čapxati</w>
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<gloss><q>род обуви</q></gloss></mentioned> (<bibl><author>С.</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Макалатия"/><biblScope>Хеви
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146</biblScope></bibl>) примыкает к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e390" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e286" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>cæfxad</w></mentioned>. См. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæg"/> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fad"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>234</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_РОсл."/><biblScope>613</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">The consonant cluster <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fs</hi> often
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appears in Ossetic as the result of the metathesis of clusters <hi rendition="#rend_italic">sf</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">sp</hi> (see
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_jæfs"/> ‘mare’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsad"/> ‘troops’, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7fsæn"/>
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‘iron’ and many others.). According to the phonetic tendencies in Ossetic, the
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group <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fx</hi> can be considered as the metathesis
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of <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xf</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kf</hi>,
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<hi rendition="#rend_italic">gf</hi> as well. Thus, reconstructed *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cægfad</hi> represents a compound word made of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæg"/> ‘ring’, ‘cramp’ and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fad"/> ‘foot’: “foot ring (or cramp)”. The order of the
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constituent parts is different from the modern one where we expect *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">fadcæg</hi> (type tatpurusa, the first word is case
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dependent of the second one); cf. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qūs-cæg</hi>
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‘earring’ [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qūscæg"/>] (“ring of the ear”) with
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a “normal” order. However, the unusual order of parts in *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">cægfad</hi> is supported by some more reliable
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cases: <hi rendition="#rend_italic">jæw-gæf</hi> ‘caviar’ [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_jæwgæf"/>] (instead of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kæf"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_jæw"/> “fish millet”), <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ḱyr-ǧæd</hi> ‘box’, ‘chest’ [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱyrǧæd"/>] (instead of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ǧæd"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ḱyr"/> “wooden chest), <hi rendition="#rend_italic">xæf-fynʒ</hi> ‘nose drip’ [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæffynʒ"/>] (instead of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fynʒ"/>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_xæf"/> “nose gleet”), <hi rendition="#rend_italic">don-guron</hi> [see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_donguron"/>] (instead of <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kuron</hi>-<ref type="xr" target="#entry_don"/> “mill river”), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zǧællagkom"><hi rendition="#rend_italic">zǧællag-kom</hi> ‘bridle bit’</ref> (instead of <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kom"/>-<?oxy_comment_start author="irina" timestamp="20230623T202154+0300" comment="NB странное слово, точно сюда хреф?"?><ref type="xr" target="#entry_zǧællag"/><?oxy_comment_end ?> “mouth iron”). These
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and other cases let us assume that such order of compounding was quite regular
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in Ossetic in the past. Antiquity of horse breeding and blacksmithing among the
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Ossetic people (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_K0yrdalægon"/>) speaks in
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favour of the fact that <hi rendition="#rend_italic">cæfxad</hi> ‘bridle bit’ is
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quite an old word. For the semantics ‘ring’ ↔ ‘earring’↔‘horseshoe’ cf.
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e248" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e352" xml:lang="kap"><lang/>
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<w>aǧaiatl cʼo</w>
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<gloss><q>earring</q></gloss></mentioned> = “ear horseshoe”, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e256" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e360" xml:lang="ani"><lang/>
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<w>lol</w>
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<gloss><q>horseshoe</q></gloss></mentioned> — <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e265" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e369" xml:lang="ani"><lang/>
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<w>cʼekʼa-lol</w>
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<gloss><q>ring</q></gloss></mentioned> (literally “finger horseshoe”).
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e273" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e377" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>čapxati</w>
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<gloss><q>kind of shoes</q></gloss></mentioned>
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(<bibl><author>С.</author><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Макалатия"/><biblScope>Хеви 146</biblScope></bibl>) refers to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d2797e286" xml:id="mentioned_d2797e390" xml:lang="os"><lang/>
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<w>cæfxad</w></mentioned>. See <ref type="xr" target="#entry_cæg"/> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fad"/>.<lb/><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ОЯФ_I"/><biblScope>234</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_РОсл."/><biblScope>613</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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</entry>
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</body>
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</text>
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</TEI>
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