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abaev-xml/entries/abaev_æxkænyn.xml

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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkænyn</hi></title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
<tagsDecl>
<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
</tagsDecl>
</encodingDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<entry xml:id="entry_æxkænyn" xml:lang="os">
<form xml:id="form_d817e66" xml:lang="os-x-iron" type="lemma"><orth>æxkænyn</orth><form xml:id="form_d817e68" type="participle"><orth>æxkæd</orth></form></form>
<form xml:id="form_d817e71" xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>æxkænun</orth><form xml:id="form_d817e73" type="participle"><orth>æxkæd</orth></form></form>
<sense xml:id="sense_d817e76"><sense xml:id="sense_d817e77"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>запирать</q>
</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>lock</q>
</abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d817e86"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>затворять</q>
</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>to shut</q>
</abv:tr></sense></sense>
<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d817e96">
<abv:example xml:id="example_d817e98">
<quote>dwærttæ fīdar sæxkædta</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>крепко заперла двери</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>(she) shut the doors</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
187</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xml:id="example_d817e117">
<quote>dwar raxkæ!</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>закрой дверь!</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>lock the door!</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Munk."/><biblScope>148</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xml:id="example_d817e136">
<quote>Dysa dwar axkædta æmæ xæʒarmæ bacyd</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>Дыса затворила дверь и вошла в хадзар</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>Dysa locked the door and entered in the</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/><biblScope>51</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xml:id="example_d817e155">
<quote>mīt nywwarydī…, sæxkædta fændægtæ</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>выпал большой снег, закрыл дороги</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>Much snow fell, locked roads</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/><biblScope>76</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
<abv:example xml:id="example_d817e174" xml:lang="os-x-digor">
<usg><lang/></usg>
<quote>Asægo æfsæn dwar nixkædta</quote>
<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
<q>Асаго запер железные ворота</q>
</abv:tr>
<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
<q>Asægo locked the iron gate</q>
</abv:tr>
<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MSt."/><biblScope>6%l7-8%l</biblScope></bibl>
</abv:example>
</abv:exampleGrp>
<etym xml:lang="ru">Первоначально сложный глагол, в котором именная часть (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æx</hi>) срослась со вспомогательным глаголом <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘делать’, собственно „делать закрытым“
(как <hi rendition="#rend_italic">lyg</hi>
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘резать’, собственно „делать резаным“,
<hi rendition="#rend_italic">gom</hi>
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘открывать’, собственно „делать
открытым“, и т. п.). Такое же сращение имени со вспомогательным глаголом <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> мы находим еще в <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/>(← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧæwaj</hi>
<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kænun</hi>) ‘охранять’. Стоит отметить, что форма
прош. причастия от <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkænyn</hi> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi>) не совпадает с прош. причастием от
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond)</hi>. Быть может, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kæd</hi> в <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi> и <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi> отражает старое <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kṛta</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">karta</hi> (с утратой r), тогда как <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond</hi> представляет новообразование. *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">Æx</hi> восстанавливается в *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>; в этом виде оно сохранилось в дигорском:
д. <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxu</hi> ‘(плотно) замкнутый, запертый’ (см.
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxu"/>). Предполагаемая здесь основа <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>- ‘смыкать’, ‘скреплять’ и пр.
присутствует, частью с сохранением, частью с выпадением <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>, в ряде слов: <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arx"/> ‘сук’ (точнее „место скрепления сука со стволом“),
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_arkʼaw"/> ‘клещи’ (= „скрепленное из двух
частей орудие“?), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxæg"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxængæ</hi> ‘сустав’ („место скрепления“), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æǧnæg"/> (← *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>-<hi rendition="#rend_italic">næg</hi>) ‘застежка’ (= „скрепка“),
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_æxtong"/>( ← *ærx-tong) ‘подпруга’, собственно
„скрепляющий (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æх</hi>) ремень (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_8tong"><w>tong</w></ref>)ʼ. Закономерность семантического
развития поддерживается, например, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e353" xml:id="mentioned_d817e229" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
<w>giri</w>
<gloss><q>застежка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e361" xml:id="mentioned_d817e237" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
<gloss><q>узел</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e367" xml:id="mentioned_d817e243" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
<gloss><q>сук</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e374" xml:id="mentioned_d817e250" xml:lang="fa"><w>gīra</w>
<gloss><q>клещи</q></gloss></mentioned>. Основа *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">arek</hi>
со значением ‘замыкать’, ‘запирать’ представлена в ряде индоевропейских языков:
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e380" xml:id="mentioned_d817e256" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
<w>arceo</w>
<gloss><q>запирать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e388" xml:id="mentioned_d817e264" xml:lang="la"><w>arx</w>
<gloss><q>крепость</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e394" xml:id="mentioned_d817e270" xml:lang="la"><w>arca</w>
<gloss><q>сундук</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e400" xml:id="mentioned_d817e276" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
<w>άρκος</w>
<gloss><q>защита</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e408" xml:id="mentioned_d817e284" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
<w>argel</w>
<gloss><q>препятствие</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e417" xml:id="mentioned_d817e293" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
<w>rakinti</w>
<gloss><q>запирать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e425" xml:id="mentioned_d817e301" xml:lang="lt"><w>rāktas</w>
changed incorrect ref to Walde-Pok
2025-03-30 20:02:23 +03:00
<gloss><q>ключ</q></gloss></mentioned> и др. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Walde-Pok."/><biblScope>I 80—81</biblScope></bibl>. На
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индоиранской почве, быть может, сюда же относится <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e435" xml:id="mentioned_d817e311" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
<w>rakṣ</w>
<gloss><q>охранять</q></gloss></mentioned>.</etym>
<etym xml:lang="en">It is originally a complex word in which a noun part (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æx</hi>) is united with an auxilliary verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘do’, in fact "make closed" (like <hi rendition="#rend_italic">lyg</hi>
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘cut’, in fact "make cut", <hi rendition="#rend_italic">gom</hi>
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> ‘open’, in fact "make open", etc). The
same fusion whith auxiliary verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> is also
found in <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/>(← <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ǧæwaj</hi>
<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kænun</hi>) ‘guard’. It is wirth mentioning that
the past participle form of the verbs <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkænyn</hi>
and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_qakkænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi>) does not match the
past participle form of the verb <ref type="xr" target="#entry_kænyn"/> (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond)</hi>. May be that *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">kæd</hi> in <hi rendition="#rend_italic">æxkæd</hi>
and <hi rendition="#rend_italic">qakkæd</hi> reflects older <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kṛta</hi>, <hi rendition="#rend_italic">karta</hi>
(with the loss of the <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi>), while <hi rendition="#rend_italic">kond</hi> is a new formation. *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">Æx</hi> is restored as *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>; it is remained in Digor in such way: <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Digor</hi>
<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxu</hi> ‘(tightly) closed, locked’ (see <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxu"/>). A supposed stem <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>- ‘close’, ‘fasten’ etc. is found partially
with, partially without <hi rendition="#rend_italic">r</hi> in a row of words:
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_arx"/> ‘branch’ (more precisely "a place where
a branch holds to the trunk"), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_arkʼaw"/> ‘pincers’
(= "instrument made of two parts"?), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærxæg"/> |
<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærxængæ</hi> ‘joint’ ("a place of fastening"),
<ref type="xr" target="#entry_æǧnæg"/> (← *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ærx</hi>-<hi rendition="#rend_italic">næg</hi>) ‘clap’ (= "fastener"), <ref type="xr" target="#entry_æxtong"/>( ← *ærx-tong) ‘saddle-girth’, in fact
"fastening (<hi rendition="#rend_italic">æx</hi>) belt (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_8tong"><w>tong</w></ref>)ʼ. This semantic pattern is
supported, for example, by <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e229" xml:id="mentioned_d817e353" xml:lang="fa"><lang/>
<w>giri</w>
<gloss><q>clap</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e237" xml:id="mentioned_d817e361" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
<gloss><q>knot</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e243" xml:id="mentioned_d817e367" xml:lang="fa"><w/>
<gloss><q>branch</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e250" xml:id="mentioned_d817e374" xml:lang="fa"><w>gīra</w>
<gloss><q>pincers</q></gloss></mentioned>. The stem *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">ark</hi>, *<hi rendition="#rend_italic">arek</hi>
with the meaning ‘close’, ‘lock’ is found in a row of Indo-European languages:
<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e256" xml:id="mentioned_d817e380" xml:lang="la"><lang/>
<w>arceo</w>
<gloss><q>lock</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e264" xml:id="mentioned_d817e388" xml:lang="la"><w>arx</w>
<gloss><q>stronghold</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e270" xml:id="mentioned_d817e394" xml:lang="la"><w>arca</w>
<gloss><q>trunk</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e276" xml:id="mentioned_d817e400" xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
<w>άρκος</w>
<gloss><q>defence</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e284" xml:id="mentioned_d817e408" xml:lang="xcl"><lang/>
<w>argel</w>
<gloss><q>obstacle</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e293" xml:id="mentioned_d817e417" xml:lang="lt"><lang/>
<w>rakinti</w>
<gloss><q>lock</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e301" xml:id="mentioned_d817e425" xml:lang="lt"><w>rāktas</w>
changed incorrect ref to Walde-Pok
2025-03-30 20:02:23 +03:00
<gloss><q>key</q></gloss></mentioned> etc. (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Walde-Pok."/><biblScope>I 80—81</biblScope></bibl>. Because
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of Indo-Iranian origin, the following word is probably belong here: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d817e311" xml:id="mentioned_d817e435" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
<w>rakṣ</w>
<gloss><q>guard</q></gloss></mentioned>.</etym>
</entry>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
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