287 lines
21 KiB
XML
287 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">særyn</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_særyn" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="incomplete">
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<form xml:id="form_d2648e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>særyn</orth><form type="variant" subtype="parens"><orth>særdyn</orth></form><form type="participle"><orth>særst</orth></form></form>
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<form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>isærun</orth><form type="variant"><orth>isærdun</orth></form><form type="participle"><orth>isard</orth><form type="variant" subtype="parens"><orth>isarst</orth></form></form></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d2648e69">
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<sense>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>закаливать</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>to harden</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<sense>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>делать стальным</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>to steel</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<sense>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>наваривать сталь</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>to weld steel</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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</sense>
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<exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslany rajg˳yrd æmæ jæ
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<oRef>bajsæryn</oRef></quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">рождение Сослана и его закалка</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslan's birth and hardening</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
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<biblScope>63</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslany <oRef>bajsæryn</oRef> qæwy bīræǧy
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xsyry, — zaǧta K˳yrdalægonæn Satana</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Сослана надо закалить в волчьем молоке, —
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сказала Курдалагону Шатана</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Soslan must be hardened in wolf milk, — said
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Satana to Kyrdalægon</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нарт._сказ."/>
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<biblScope>64</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz K˳yrdalægonmæ ’ssydī æmæ jyn zaǧta: dæ
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xorzæx X˳ycaw raddæd, æmæ mæ <oRef>bajsærd</oRef> æmæ ændon k˳yd yswon</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Батраз поднялся к Курдалагону и сказал ему: да
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даст (мне) Бог твою милость, закали меня, чтобы я стал стальным</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Batraz ascended to Kyrdalægon and said to him:
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let God give (me) your mercy, harden me, so I will be strong</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
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<biblScope>I 18</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mæn dær <oRef>bajsærd</oRef>, Batrazy k˳yd
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<oRef>bajsærstaj</oRef> aftæ; særdæggag dyn myzd dywwadæs tumany ’sxaston</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">и меня закали, как закалил Батраза; за закалку
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я принес тебе плату двенадцать туманов</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">and harden me, as you have hardened Batraz; I
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brought twelve tomans payment for hardening</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОЭ"/>
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<biblScope>I 28</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>bajsær</oRef> mæ</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">закали меня</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">harden me</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
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<biblScope>I 93</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nyr mæ <oRef>bajsærdūt</oRef> syǧdæg bolat
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cʼæx ændonæj</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">теперь покройте (<q>намажьте</q>) меня чистой
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булатной серой сталью</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">now cover (<q>smear</q>) me with pure grey
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damask steel</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
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<biblScope>I 111</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">xærzaræxst k˳yrdaw card dīssaǵy fæltær k˳y
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<oRef>særy</oRef></quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">жизнь, как искусный кузнец, закаляет чудесное
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поколение</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">life, like a skilled blacksmith, hardens a
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wonderful generation</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Niger"/>
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<biblScope>120</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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</exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Когда речь идет о терминах, связанных с материальной культурой,
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этимологическим поискам должно предшествовать ясное представление о реалиях. В данном
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случае следует уяснить, в чем заключалась технология закаливания, которая вызвала к жизни
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термин <oRef/> (<oRef>særdyn</oRef>). Анализ названий стали в ряде языков (ос. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>уклад</w></mentioned>) указывает на одну и ту же процедуру; стальной слой
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накладывался (наваривался) на нестальной предмет [см. нашу статью <bibl xml:lang="ru"><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes"><title>Как русск. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>уклад</w>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></mentioned> помогло выяснить этимологию осетинского
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"><w>ændon</w>
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<gloss><q>сталь</q></gloss></ref></title></q></bibl> в сб. <bibl xml:lang="ru"><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Этимологические исследования по русскому
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языку</q></title> (<pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>, <biblScope>стр.
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73—79</biblScope>)</bibl>;
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см. также: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИЭС_I"/>
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<biblScope xml:lang="ru">156 сл. c. v. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/></biblScope></bibl>]. Древность такой технологии
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подтверждается археологическими данными. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Уже в
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раннюю пору скифской истории мастера умели получать высокоуглеродистую сталь. С самого
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раннего периода... скифские кузнецы знали цементацию</q></quote>. Наряду с цементацией
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практиковалась <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">наварка стального лезвия на
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железную основу</q></quote> (<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Смирнов</author>.
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<title>Скифы</title>. <pubPlace>М.</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>стр. 132,
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134</biblScope></bibl>). Зная это, мы не должны удивляться, что глагол <oRef/>
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<gloss><q>закаливать</q></gloss> имеет вариант <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/>,
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основное значение которого — <gloss><q>мазать</q></gloss>,
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<gloss><q>намазывать</q></gloss>: речь шла о наложении, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">намазывании</q> стального слоя на нестальной предмет; ср.
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выше цитату из эпического текста (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
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<biblScope>I 111</biblScope></bibl>: <example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi rendition="#rend_italic"><oRef>bajsærdūt</oRef> mæ ændonæj</hi></quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">обмажьте меня сталью</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">обмажьте меня сталью</q>
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</tr>
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> = <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">закалите меня</q></note>
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</example>). Варианты <oRef/> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/> возводятся
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соответственно к <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sar-</w></mentioned> и
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<mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sard-</w></mentioned>. Для последнего
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варианта ср. <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
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<w>ā-sal</w>, <w>pa-sal</w>
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<gloss><q>мазать</q></gloss> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><author>Emmerick</author>.
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<title>A Khotanese Verb-List</title>. <publisher>AO</publisher>
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<date>1968</date>
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<biblScope>XXXI 25, 34</biblScope></bibl></note>), где <w>sal-</w> из <w>sard-</w>
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(<note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
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<biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl></note>). Исходная база <w>sar-</w> сопоставима
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с</mentioned>
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<mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
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<w>bsʼry</w>
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<gloss><q>размешивать</q></gloss> (база <w type="rec">ḱer-</w>
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<gloss><q>rühren</q></gloss>: <note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Henning-MacKenzie"/>
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<biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl></note>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>ṡṛ-</w>, <w>ṡrāyati</w>, <w>ṡrīṇāti</w>
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<gloss><q>варить</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>смешивать</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
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<w>xεράω</w>, <w>xεράννῦμι</w>
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<gloss><q>смешиваю</q></gloss></mentioned> (об этом этимологическом гнезде см.:
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
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<biblScope>III 391—392</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_TPhS"/>, <date>1954</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр.
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130</biblScope></bibl>). Семантический
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комплекс <gloss><q>варить</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>наваривать</q></gloss> —
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<gloss><q>намазывать</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>смешивать</q></gloss> не требует особого
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обоснования.<note xml:lang="ru" type="footnote">В наших записях имеется д. <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fe-sarun</w>
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<gloss><q>поджаривать чурек</q></gloss> (так, чтобы на нем образовалась твердая
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корочка, после чего его закладывали в горячую золу для полной выпечки)</mentioned>;
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<mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fesarun</w></mentioned> возводится к <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w>pati-sār-</w></mentioned> и должно, очевидно, рассматриваться в
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данном гнезде.</note>
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<bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
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<date>1948</date>
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<biblScope>XII 330</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
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<biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">When it comes to terms connected with material culture, clear
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comprehension of realities must precede etymological search. In this case it should be
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understood what was the technology of hardening that brought to life term <oRef/>
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(<oRef>særdyn</oRef>). The analysis of names of steel in some languages (Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/>, <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
|
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<w>uklad</w></mentioned>) points to the same procedure; a steel layer was put (weld) on
|
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a non-steel object [see our article <bibl xml:lang="en"><title><q>Kak russk. <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>uklad</w>
|
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<gloss><q>stal'</q></gloss></mentioned> pomoglo vyjasnit' ètimologiju osetinskogo
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"><w>ændon</w>
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<gloss><q>stal'</q></gloss></ref></q>
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</title> [<q>How the Russian word <mentioned xml:lang="ru"><w>uklad</w>
|
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></mentioned> helped to find out the etymology of Ossetic
|
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"><w>ændon</w>
|
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<gloss><q>steel</q></gloss></ref></q>]</bibl> in vol. <bibl xml:lang="en"><title><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Ètimologičeskije issledovanija po russkomu
|
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jazyku</q></title> (<pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1960</date>, <biblScope>p.
|
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73—79</biblScope>)</bibl>; see also: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ИЭС_I"/>
|
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<biblScope xml:lang="en">156 ff. c. v. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_ændon"/></biblScope></bibl>]. The antiquity of this technology is confirmed by archeological
|
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data. <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Even in early times of the Scythian history
|
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craftsmen were able to make high carbon steel. Since the very early period....Scythian
|
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blacksmiths knew about cementation</q></quote>. Along with cementation <quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">welding of a steel blade to an iron base</q></quote>
|
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was practiced (<bibl xml:lang="en"><author>Smirnov</author>. <title>Skify</title> [The
|
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|
Scythians]. <pubPlace>Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1966</date>, <biblScope>p. 132,
|
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134</biblScope></bibl>). As we know this, we mustn't be surprised by the fact that the
|
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verb <oRef/>
|
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<gloss><q>harden</q></gloss> has a variant <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/>, the
|
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main meaning of which is <gloss><q>smear</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>coat</q></gloss>: it was
|
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about overlap, <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">smearing</q> of a steel layer on a
|
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non-steel object; cf. above the citation from the epic text (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/>
|
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<biblScope>I 111</biblScope></bibl>: <example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
|
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|
<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi rendition="#rend_italic"><oRef>bajsærdūt</oRef> mæ ændonæj</hi></quote>
|
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<tr xml:lang="en">
|
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">smear me with steel</q>
|
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</tr>
|
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> = <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">harden me</q></note>
|
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</example>). Variants <oRef/> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_særdyn"/> are traced
|
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respectively to <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sar-</w></mentioned> and
|
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|
<mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w type="rec">vi-sard-</w></mentioned>. As for the last
|
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variant, cf. <mentioned xml:lang="kho"><lang/>
|
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<w>ā-sal</w>, <w>pa-sal</w>
|
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|
|
<gloss><q>smear</q></gloss> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><author>Emmerick</author>. <title>A
|
|||
|
|
Khotanese Verb-List</title>. <publisher>AO</publisher>
|
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|
|
<date>1968</date>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>XXXI 25, 34</biblScope></bibl></note>), where <w>sal-</w> is from
|
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|
|
<w>sard-</w> (<note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl></note>). The original base <w>sar-</w> is
|
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|
|
comparable with</mentioned>
|
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|
<mentioned xml:lang="xco"><lang/>
|
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|
|
<w>bsʼry</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>stir</q></gloss> (the base <w type="rec">ḱer-</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>rühren</q></gloss>: <note type="bibl"><bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Henning-MacKenzie"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>33</biblScope></bibl></note>)</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>ṡṛ-</w>, <w>ṡrāyati</w>, <w>ṡrīṇāti</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>cook</q></gloss>, <gloss><q>mix</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="grc"><lang/>
|
|||
|
|
<w>xεράω</w>, <w>xεράννῦμι</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>I mix</q></gloss></mentioned> (about this etymological cluster see: <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Mayrhofer"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>III 391—392</biblScope></bibl>. — <bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_TPhS"/>, <date>1954</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="en">p.
|
|||
|
|
130</biblScope></bibl>). The semantic complex <gloss><q>cook</q></gloss> —
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>weld onto</q></gloss> — <gloss><q>smear</q></gloss> —
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>mix</q></gloss> does not require a special justification.<note type="footnote">In our notes there is Digor <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fe-sarun</w>
|
|||
|
|
<gloss><q>roast a flatbread</q></gloss> (so that a hard crust won't form on it, after
|
|||
|
|
that it was put in hot ash to complete baking)</mentioned>; <mentioned xml:lang="os-x-digor"><w>fesarun</w></mentioned> is traced to <mentioned xml:lang="oos"><w>pati-sār-</w></mentioned> and must, obviously, be placed in this
|
|||
|
|
etymological cluster.</note>
|
|||
|
|
<bibl><author>Bailey</author>, <ref type="bibl" target="#ref_BSOAS"/>
|
|||
|
|
<date>1948</date>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>XII 330</biblScope></bibl>; <bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Bailey._KhT"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>IV 96</biblScope></bibl>.</etym>
|
|||
|
|
</entry>
|
|||
|
|
</body>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
</TEI>
|