273 lines
21 KiB
XML
273 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">tūǵǵyn</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т. <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_tūǵǵyn" xml:lang="os" abv:completeness="english-questions">
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<form xml:id="form_d1091e66" type="lemma" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><orth>tūǵǵyn</orth></form>
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<form xml:lang="os-x-digor" type="dialectal"><orth>toggin</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d1091e69">
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>кровник</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>bloodine</q>
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</abv:tr>
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</sense>
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<note xml:lang="ru" type="comment">. Кровная месть была в прошлом одним из нерушимых
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институтов обычного права осетин. В случае убийства на ближайших родственников убитого —
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брата, сына, отца, — а также на других его родичей возлагались право и обязанность
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осуществить кровную месть — <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūg">tūg</ref>
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_īsyn">rajsyn</ref></phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">взять кровь</q></gloss></mentioned>. Жертвой
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мстителя мог стать как сам убийца, так и любой из его родичей (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærvad"/>). В результате два рода становились друг для друга
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<oRef>tūǵǵyntæ</oRef>
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<q>кровниками</q> и их вражда, продолжаясь из поколения в поколение, могла привести к
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опустошению одного или обоих родов. <cit>
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<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">Никакие описания родовых междуусобий в песнях
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Эдды и Нибелунгах не в состоянии дать такого верного представления о... кровной
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мести, как сухой перечень фактов, делаемый протоколами медиаторского суда в Дигории
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или Алагире</q></quote>
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<bibl>(<author xml:lang="ru">М. Ковалевский</author>. <title xml:lang="ru">Современный
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обычай и древний закон, II</title>. <pubPlace xml:lang="ru">М.</pubPlace>,
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<date>1886</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр. 3</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">стр. 3</biblScope>)</bibl>
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</cit>. Фольклор, героический эпос, историко-героические песни, предания изобилуют
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сюжетами кровной мести. Месть героя Батраза за кровь отца — один из центральных эпизодов
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Нартовской эпопеи. Многолетняя вражда между нартовскими фамилиями <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Borætæ"><w>Borætæ</w></ref> и <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7Xsærtæg"><w>Æxsærtæggatæ</w></ref> также была следствием обычая кровной мести. Повинуясь этому
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неписаному закону и слыша постоянные призывы своей матери к мести, герой популярной поэмы
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<mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>Æfxærdty Xæsanæ</phr></mentioned> в жестокой схватке
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уничтожает девять представителей рода <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Muldartæ</w></mentioned>, один из которых убил его отца, когда <mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Xæsanæ</w></mentioned> был еще ребенком. Иногда кровников удавалось
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примирить при посредничестве особо авторитетных и красноречивых стариков, с соблюдением
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особого ритуала и уплатой выкупа <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūg">tūǵy</ref>
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_arǧ">arǧ</ref></phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">цена крови</q></gloss></mentioned>. <example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tūǵy arǧ wyd alyx˳yzon: fæste cæfæn fyldær,
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razæj cæfæn — kʼaddær</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Цена крови была разная: за удар или выстрел
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сзади — больше, за удар или выстрел спереди — меньше</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Цена крови была разная: за удар или выстрел
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сзади — больше, за удар или выстрел спереди — меньше</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><biblScope xml:lang="ru">из этнографических
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материалов Е. <name>Бараковой</name></biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">из
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этнографических материалов Е. <name>Бараковой</name></biblScope></bibl>
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</example>. Денежный выкуп достигал <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>æstdæs æstdæs
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tumany</phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">восемнадцать раз восемнадцать
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червонцев</q></gloss></mentioned>. О непомерно высокой цене и по сей день говорят:
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<mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>tūǵi arǧ</phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">цена крови</q></gloss></mentioned></note>
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<note xml:lang="en" type="comment">. Blood feud was in the past one of the inviolable
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institutions of Ossetian customary law. In case of a murder, the closest relatives of the
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murdered person (brother, son, father as well as his other relatives) were given the right
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and duty to carry out blood feuds, <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūg">tūg</ref>
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_īsyn">rajsyn</ref></phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">take blood</q></gloss></mentioned>. The victim
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of the avenger could be both the killer himself and any of his relatives. (<ref type="xr" target="#entry_ærvad"/>). As a result, the two clans became <oRef>tūǵǵyntæ</oRef>
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<q>blood enemies</q> for each other, and their enmity, continuing from generation to
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generation, could lead to the devastation of one or both clans. <cit>
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<quote><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">No descriptions of tribal civil strife in the
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songs from Edda and the Nibelungs are able to give such a true picture of... blood
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feud like a dry list of facts made by the protocols of the mediator court in Digoria
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or Alagir</q></quote>
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<bibl>(<author xml:lang="en">M. Kovalevskij</author>. <title xml:lang="en">Sovremennyj
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obyčaj i drevnij zakon</title> [Modern custom and ancient law], II. <pubPlace xml:lang="ru">Moscow</pubPlace>, <date>1886</date>, <biblScope xml:lang="ru">стр.
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3</biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">p. 3</biblScope>)</bibl>
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</cit>. Folklore, heroic epic, historic songs about heroes, legends abound with plots of
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blood feud. The revenge of the hero Batraz for the blood of his father is one of the
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central episodes of the Nart epic. Long-term enmity between the Nart surnames <ref type="xr" target="#entry_Borætæ"><w>Borætæ</w></ref> and <ref type="xr" target="#entry_7Xsærtæg"><w>Æxsærtæggatæ</w></ref> was also a consequence of the custom
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of blood feud. Obeying this unwritten law and hearing his motherʼs constant calls for
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revenge, the hero of the popular poem <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>Æfxærdty
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Xæsanæ</phr></mentioned> destroys n a fierce battle nine representatives of the genus
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<mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Muldartæ</w></mentioned>, one of whom killed his father when
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<mentioned xml:lang="os"><w>Xæsanæ</w></mentioned> was still a child. Sometimes it was
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possible to reconcile the blood enemies through the mediation of especially authoritative
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and eloquent old men, with the observance of a special ritual and the payment of a ransom
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called <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr><ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūg">tūǵy</ref>
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_arǧ">arǧ</ref></phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">price of blood</q></gloss></mentioned>.
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<example xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tūǵy arǧ wyd alyx˳yzon: fæste cæfæn fyldær,
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razæj cæfæn — kʼaddær</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Цена крови была разная: за удар или выстрел
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сзади — больше, за удар или выстрел спереди — меньше</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">The price of blood was different: for a blow or
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shot from behind it was higher, for a blow or shot from the front it was lower</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><biblScope xml:lang="ru">из этнографических
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материалов Е. <name>Бараковой</name></biblScope><biblScope xml:lang="en">from
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ethnographic materials of E. <name>Barakova</name></biblScope></bibl>
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</example>. The cash ransom could reach <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>æstdæs æstdæs
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tumany</phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">eighteen times eighteen gold
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pieces</q></gloss></mentioned>. Until now, exorbitant prices are called <mentioned xml:lang="os"><phr>tūǵi arǧ</phr>
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<gloss><q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">price of blood</q></gloss></mentioned></note>
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<exampleGrp xmlns="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict">
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>tūǵǵyn</oRef> yn festadtæn
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q˳wamæ</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">я, должно быть, стал для него кровником</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I must have become his bloodline</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/>
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<biblScope>97</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Girgoly <oRef>tūǵǵyntæ</oRef> dywwadæsæj jæ
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razmæ babadtysty</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">кровники Джиргола в количестве двенадцати
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засели в засаде впереди него</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Jirgolʼs bloodlines in the amount of twelve sat
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in ambush in front of him</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
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<biblScope>32</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tulatæ wydysty ragon <oRef>tūǵǵyn</oRef>
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Sawatæj</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">(род) Тулаевых был давно кровником (рода)
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Саваевых</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tulaevs (family) was long a blood enemy of
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Savaevs (family)</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
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<biblScope>103</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><oRef>tūǵǵyny</oRef> zærdæ jæm
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badardton</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">я стал испытывать к нему чувства (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">сердце</q>) кровника</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I started to have feelings (<q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">heart</q>) of a bloodline for him</q>
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</tr>
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="ru" type="comment"> (он стал мне
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ненавистен)</note>
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<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" type="comment"> (he became
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hateful to me)</note>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Сека"/>
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<biblScope>122</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Tutyry ærtæ bony... <oRef>tūǵǵyn</oRef> īw
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<oRef>tūǵǵyny</oRef> farsmæ dær ysbadtaid</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в три дня (праздника) Тутыра (даже) кровник мог
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сесть рядом с кровником</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">on three days of the (feast of) Tutyr (even) a
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bloodline could sit next to his blood-line</q>
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</tr>
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<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Čerm."/>
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<biblScope>73</biblScope></bibl>
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</example>
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<example>
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<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Bega... jæ <oRef>tūǵǵyny</oRef> fædyl næ xæst
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kodta</quote>
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<tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Бега не мог напасть на след своего кровника</q>
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</tr>
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<tr xml:lang="en">
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<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Bega couldnʼt get on the trail of his
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|||
|
|
bloodline</q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Нафи"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>186</biblScope></bibl>
|
|||
|
|
</example>
|
|||
|
|
<example>
|
|||
|
|
<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">fīdydy tyxxæj īw ḱyzg radtoj, kæmæj
|
|||
|
|
<oRef>fætūǵǵyn</oRef> sty ūmæn; ūj x˳ydtoj <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">cyty
|
|||
|
|
ḱyzg</q></quote>
|
|||
|
|
<tr xml:lang="ru">
|
|||
|
|
<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ради примирения отдавали девушку тому, с кем
|
|||
|
|
стали кровниками; она называлась <q>девушка чести</q></q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr xml:lang="en">
|
|||
|
|
<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">for the sake of reconciliation, they gave a
|
|||
|
|
girl to the one with whom they became bloodlines; she was called <q rendition="#rend_doublequotes">girl of honour</q></q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ИАА"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>III 170</biblScope></bibl>
|
|||
|
|
</example>
|
|||
|
|
<example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
|
|||
|
|
<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
|
|||
|
|
<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">duwwæ <oRef>toggin</oRef> muggagi bafedawun
|
|||
|
|
kænunmæ (Digori) alkedær agurdta Kʼornati Begaj</quote>
|
|||
|
|
<tr xml:lang="ru">
|
|||
|
|
<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">для примирения двух фамилий-кровников (в
|
|||
|
|
Дигории) каждый искал (в качестве посредника) Корнаева Бега</q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr xml:lang="en">
|
|||
|
|
<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">for the reconciliation of two bloodline
|
|||
|
|
surnames (in Digoria), everyone was looking for Kornaev Beg (as an intermediary)</q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>1949 II 27</biblScope></bibl>
|
|||
|
|
</example>
|
|||
|
|
<example xml:lang="os-x-digor">
|
|||
|
|
<usg xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><lang/></usg>
|
|||
|
|
<quote xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">eci ʒamani, mæ xortæ, togi ǧuddag karz ævard
|
|||
|
|
adtæj iron adæmmæ; <oRef>toggini</oRef> rastæj, xæramæj næ farstoncæ; æ arǧ ba wæzzaw
|
|||
|
|
æma zin bafedæn adtæj</quote>
|
|||
|
|
<tr xml:lang="ru">
|
|||
|
|
<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">в то время, мои солнышки, дело крови (кровной
|
|||
|
|
мести) было поставлено у осетин очень жестко (строго); кровника не спрашивали, прав
|
|||
|
|
он или виноват; цена же ее (крови) была тяжелая и трудная для уплаты</q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr xml:lang="en">
|
|||
|
|
<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">at that time, my suns, the matter of blood
|
|||
|
|
(blood feud) was very tough (strict) among the Ossetians; they didnʼt ask the
|
|||
|
|
bloodline whether he was right or wrong; the price of its (blood) was heavy and
|
|||
|
|
difficult to pay</q>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<bibl xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><ref type="bibl" target="#src_MD"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>1956 VI 55</biblScope></bibl>
|
|||
|
|
</example>
|
|||
|
|
</exampleGrp>
|
|||
|
|
<etym xml:lang="ru">Производное от <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūg"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">tūg</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">tog</w></ref> с помощью форманта
|
|||
|
|
<mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-gyn</m> | <m>-gin</m></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>§ 182</biblScope></bibl>).</etym>
|
|||
|
|
<etym xml:lang="en">Derived from <ref type="xr" target="#entry_tūg"><w xml:lang="os-x-iron">tūg</w><w xml:lang="os-x-digor">tog</w></ref> using the formant <mentioned xml:lang="os"><m>-gyn</m> | <m>-gin</m></mentioned> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_ГО"/>
|
|||
|
|
<biblScope>§ 182</biblScope></bibl>).</etym>
|
|||
|
|
</entry>
|
|||
|
|
</body>
|
|||
|
|
</text>
|
|||
|
|
</TEI>
|