189 lines
18 KiB
XML
189 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:abv="http://ossetic-studies.org/ns/abaevdict" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<teiHeader>
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<fileDesc>
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<titleStmt>
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<title>Abaev Dictionary: entry <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzær</hi></title>
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</titleStmt>
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<publicationStmt xml:base="../pubstmt.xml"><p>Translated from Russian in 2020 by Oleg Belyaev (ed.), Irina Khomchenkova, Julia
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Sinitsyna and Vadim Dyachkov.</p></publicationStmt>
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<sourceDesc>
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<bibl xml:lang="ru"><author>Абаев, Василий Иванович</author>.
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<title>Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка</title>. Т.
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<biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>. A–Kʼ. <pubPlace>М.–Л.</pubPlace>:
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<publisher>Наука</publisher>, <date>1958</date>. С. <biblScope unit="page">??–??</biblScope>.</bibl>
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</sourceDesc>
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</fileDesc>
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<encodingDesc xml:base="../encodingdesc.xml">
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<tagsDecl>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_italic" scheme="css">font-variant: italic;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_smallcaps" scheme="css">font-variant: small-caps;</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_singlequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "‘" "’";</rendition>
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<rendition xml:id="rend_doublequotes" scheme="css" scope="q">quotes: "«" "»";</rendition>
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</tagsDecl>
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</encodingDesc>
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</teiHeader>
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<text>
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<body>
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<entry xml:id="entry_ævzær" xml:lang="os-x-iron">
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<form xml:id="form_d531e66" type="lemma"><orth>ævzær</orth></form>
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<usg><lang/></usg>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d531e72"><sense xml:id="sense_d531e73"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>плохой</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>bad</q>
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</abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d531e82"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>зло</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>evil</q>
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</abv:tr></sense></sense>
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<re xml:id="re_d531e92">
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<form xml:id="form_d531e94" type="lemma"><orth>ævzærʒinad</orth></form>
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<sense xml:id="sense_d531e97"><sense xml:id="sense_d531e98"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>порок</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>vice</q>
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</abv:tr></sense><sense xml:id="sense_d531e107"><abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>скверность</q>
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</abv:tr><abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>nastiness</q>
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</abv:tr></sense></sense>
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</re>
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<abv:exampleGrp xml:id="exampleGrp_d531e118">
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e120">
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<quote>xorz bæxyl ævzær baræg næ fīdawy</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>хорошему коню не под стать плохой всадник</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>a bad rider cannot match a good horse</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ЮОПам."/><biblScope>III
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231</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e139">
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<quote>aly xorz bælas xorz dyrǧ ærxæssy, ævzær bælas ta ævzær dyrǧ
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ærxæssy</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>всякое дерево доброе приносит и плоды добрые, а худое дерево приносит
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и плоды худые</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree
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bringeth forth evil fruit.</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Матфей"/><biblScope><hi rendition="#rend_italic">7</hi>
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17</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e158">
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<quote>læppūjæ rædīiag næ væjjy ævzær</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>ошибающийся в молодости не бывает плохим (когда вырастет)</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>one who makes mistakes early in life is never bad (when grown up)</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>14</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e177">
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<quote>max card dær ævzær card næw</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>и наша жизнь не плохая</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>and our life is not bad</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_Коста"/><biblScope>122</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e196">
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<quote>cy xorzʒinad rakodtaj æmæ cy ʽvzærʒinad rakodtaj?</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>что ты сделал хорошего и что ты сделал дурного?</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>what did you do good and what did you do bad?</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОТ"/><biblScope>37</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e216">
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<quote>sæ fyngyl a!y ævzærʒinad</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>на столе у них всякая скверность</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>there are all kinds of filth in their table</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОТ"/><biblScope>38</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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<abv:example xml:id="example_d531e235">
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<quote>ævzærgænæǵy mardæj jæ amardtat</quote>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="ru">
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<q>вы умертвили его как преступника</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<abv:tr xml:lang="en">
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<q>you murdered him like a criminal (as he was criminal)</q>
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</abv:tr>
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<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#src_ОТ"/><biblScope>57</biblScope></bibl>
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</abv:example>
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</abv:exampleGrp>
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<etym xml:lang="ru">Понятия „хороший“, „плохой“ дают обычно богатую синонимику и
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значительную пестроту по диалектам (например, в русском: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e382" xml:id="mentioned_d531e258" xml:lang="ru"><w>плохой</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e387" xml:id="mentioned_d531e261" xml:lang="ru"><w>дурной</w></mentioned>,
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e390" xml:id="mentioned_d531e264" xml:lang="ru"><w>худой</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e393" xml:id="mentioned_d531e267" xml:lang="ru"><w>дрянной</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e396" xml:id="mentioned_d531e270" xml:lang="ru"><w>скверный</w></mentioned> и др.; в грузинском: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e400" xml:id="mentioned_d531e274" xml:lang="ka"><w>avi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e405" xml:id="mentioned_d531e277" xml:lang="ka"><w>cudi</w></mentioned>,
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e408" xml:id="mentioned_d531e280" xml:lang="ka"><w>pinti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e411" xml:id="mentioned_d531e283" xml:lang="ka"><w>glaxa</w></mentioned> и др.). Осетинский также не имеет единого
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слова для понятия „плохой“; <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e414" xml:id="mentioned_d531e286" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
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<w>ævzær</w></mentioned> чуждо дигорскому, где мы находим другое слово —
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_læǧuz"/> ‘плохой’. Мало того, в сложных словах
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(отчасти и самостоятельно) выступает третье слово — <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fyd"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fud</hi>. Последнее слово имело в прошлом, по всем
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данным, наибольшее распространение (в сложных словах оно господствует), но было
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оттеснено диалектальными <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzær</hi>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læǧuz"/>,
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имевшими до этого, возможно, более узкую и специфическую семантику (какую?). Из
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этимологий, предложенных <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Вс. Миллером</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II 87</biblScope></bibl>:
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к<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e430" xml:id="mentioned_d531e302" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>jvara-</w>
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<gloss><q>горячка</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e438" xml:id="mentioned_d531e310" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
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<gloss><q>печаль</q></gloss></mentioned>) и <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Hübschmann</hi>’oм (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/><biblScope>37</biblScope></bibl>: к <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e449" xml:id="mentioned_d531e321" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
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<w>zbar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e454" xml:id="mentioned_d531e326" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>hvar-</w>
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<gloss><q>идти вкривь</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e462" xml:id="mentioned_d531e334" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>hvaras-</w>
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<gloss><q>искривление</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e468" xml:id="mentioned_d531e340" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
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<gloss><q>обман</q></gloss></mentioned>; эта этимология повторена
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<hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Вenveniste</hi>’oм: <bibl><biblScope>„Аsiаtiса“, Festschrift F. Wellег, 1954,
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стр. 31</biblScope></bibl>), предпочтительнее последняя; для семантики
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‘кривой’ → ‘плохой’, ‘злой’ ср. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e477" xml:id="mentioned_d531e349" xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
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<w>zŭlŭ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e483" xml:id="mentioned_d531e355" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>злой</w></mentioned>, этимологически родственное осетинскому <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zūl"/> ‘кривой’, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e490" xml:id="mentioned_d531e362" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
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<w>zbar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e495" xml:id="mentioned_d531e367" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>hvar-</w>
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<gloss><q>идти вкривь</q></gloss></mentioned>. Ср.<ref type="xr" target="#entry_læǧuz"/>, а также <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xorz"/>.</etym>
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<etym xml:lang="en">Notions ‘good’, ‘bad’ usually give a huge range of synonyms and
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a notable mix according to dialects (for example, in <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Russian</hi>: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e258" xml:id="mentioned_d531e382" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>ploxoj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e261" xml:id="mentioned_d531e387" xml:lang="ru"><w>durnoj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e264" xml:id="mentioned_d531e390" xml:lang="ru"><w>xudoj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e267" xml:id="mentioned_d531e393" xml:lang="ru"><w>drjannoj</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e270" xml:id="mentioned_d531e396" xml:lang="ru"><w>skvernyj</w></mentioned> etc.; in <hi rendition="#rend_bold">Georgian</hi>: <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e274" xml:id="mentioned_d531e400" xml:lang="ka"><lang/>
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<w>avi</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e277" xml:id="mentioned_d531e405" xml:lang="ka"><w>cudi</w></mentioned>,
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<mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e280" xml:id="mentioned_d531e408" xml:lang="ka"><w>pinti</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e283" xml:id="mentioned_d531e411" xml:lang="ka"><w>glaxa</w></mentioned> etc.). There is no single word for the notion
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‘bad’ in Ossetic as well; <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e286" xml:id="mentioned_d531e414" xml:lang="os-x-iron"><lang/>
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<w>ævzær</w></mentioned> is unknown in Digor where another word is found:
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<ref type="xr" target="#entry_læǧuz"/> ‘bad’. Moreover, there is the third
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word in complex words (partially single as well) — <ref type="xr" target="#entry_fyd"/> | <hi rendition="#rend_italic">fud</hi>. According to all available data, the latter
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word was the most widespread in the past times (it dominates in complex words)
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but it was expelled by dialectal <hi rendition="#rend_italic">ævzær</hi>, <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læǧuz"/>, which had more narrow and specific semantics (it is not clear which) before.
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According to the etymologies proposed by <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Ws. Miller</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Миллер_Вс._ОЭ"/><biblScope>II 87</biblScope></bibl>: it
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traces back to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e302" xml:id="mentioned_d531e430" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>jvara-</w>
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<gloss><q>fever</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e310" xml:id="mentioned_d531e438" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
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<gloss><q>grief</q></gloss></mentioned>) and by <hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Hübschmann</hi> (<bibl><ref type="bibl" target="#ref_Hübschmann._Oss."/><biblScope>37</biblScope></bibl>: it traces back to <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e321" xml:id="mentioned_d531e449" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
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<w>zbar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e326" xml:id="mentioned_d531e454" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>hvar-</w>
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<gloss><q>to go perversely</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e334" xml:id="mentioned_d531e462" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w>hvaras-</w>
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<gloss><q>curvature</q></gloss></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e340" xml:id="mentioned_d531e468" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><w/>
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<gloss><q>deception</q></gloss></mentioned>; this etymology is repeated by
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<hi rendition="#rend_smallcaps">Benveniste</hi>: <bibl><biblScope>„Asiatica“, Festschrift F. Weller, 1954, p.
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31</biblScope></bibl>), the latter is more preferable; for the semantics
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‘curve’ → ‘bad’, ‘evil’ cf. <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e349" xml:id="mentioned_d531e477" xml:lang="sla"><lang/>
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<w>zŭlŭ</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e355" xml:id="mentioned_d531e483" xml:lang="ru"><lang/>
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<w>zloj</w></mentioned>, which is etymologically related to the Ossetic <ref type="xr" target="#entry_zūl"/> ‘curve’, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e362" xml:id="mentioned_d531e490" xml:lang="ae"><lang/>
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<w>zbar-</w></mentioned>, <mentioned corresp="#mentioned_d531e367" xml:id="mentioned_d531e495" xml:lang="inc-x-old"><lang/>
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<w>hvar-</w>
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<gloss><q>to go perversely</q></gloss></mentioned>. Cf. <ref type="xr" target="#entry_læǧuz"/>, and also <ref type="xr" target="#entry_xorz"/>.</etym>
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</entry>
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</body>
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</text>
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</TEI>
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